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Sex differences in the incidence and severity of autoimmune diseases
| SLE | RA | SS | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Peak incidence | Reproductive age | Perimenopausal | After 50–60 years | |
| Female/male ratio | Peak 15: 1 | Peak 4: 1 | Peak 14: 1 | |
| Total 9: 1 | After 60 years 1: 1 | Total 3: 1 | ||
| Influence of estrogen | High levels | Negative | Positive | Unknown |
| Low levels | Unknown | Negative | Negative | |
