Table 1.
Kinesin motors in cell polarity
| Polarity phenotype | Transport of polarity factors, cytoskeletal effectors, and vesicles | MT+TIP interactions | Effects on MTs | Effects on actin | AJC remodeling and stabilization | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kinesin-1 family | |||||||
| KIF5 | Axon specification and outgrowth | Transport of APC, rab10-associated vesicles to axon | MT sliding, generates mechanical force for axon extension | Brendza et al. 2000, 2002; Januschke et al. 2002; Palacios and St Johnston 2002; Jacobsen et al. 2006; Lu et al. 2013; Deng et al. 2014; Ruane et al. 2016 | |||
| Transport of vesicles to supply axon tip growth | |||||||
| Embryonic anterior− posterior polarity | Transport of oskar mRNA to posterior pole | ||||||
| NKin (Neurospora crassa) | Branched and misshapen hyphae | Transport of vesicles to Spitznkorper | Seiler et al. 1997 | ||||
| Reduced mycelial extension | |||||||
| Kin2 (Ustilago maydis) | Decreased hyphal tip growth | Transport of vesicles to hyphal tip | Lehmler and Bolker 1997 | ||||
| Kinesin-2 family | |||||||
| KIF3A/B | Epithelia with no lumen (in collagen) or multiple lumens (in Matrigel) | Delivery of TJ proteins | Stimulates MT dynamicity | Jimbo et al. 2002; Boehkle et al. 2013; Li et al.2014 | |||
| Failure to localize apical membrane proteins coming from rab11 endosome | Transport of APC, interaction with β-catenin | MT orientation toward leading edge of migrating cells | |||||
| KIF17 | Epithelia with no lumen or multiple lumens | APC, Rho regulator* (*inferred) | EB1, APC, IQGAP1* (*unpublished) | Dampens MT plus-end dynamics | Concentration/assembly of apical actin network in 3D | Accumulation of branched actin at cell−cell adhesions | Jaulin and Kreitzer 2010; Acharya et al. 2013, 2016; Espenel et al. 2013 |
| Failure to direct apical membrne proteins to lumen | Stabilizes MTs | Activation of RhoA, inhibition of cofilin | Strengthens/stabilizes cell−cell adhesion | ||||
| Increases posttranslational modification of MTs | |||||||
| Kinesin-3 family | |||||||
| KinA (Aspergillus nidulans) | Reduced hyphal growth, branched, and misshapen hyphae | Transport of chitin synthases to hyphal tip | MT destabilization | Requena et al. 2001; Takeshita et al. 2015 | |||
| NKin2 (N. crassa) | Transport of vesicles to Spitznkorper | Preferrential interaction with posttranslationally detyrosinated MTs | Seidel et al. 2013 | ||||
| Kin3 (U. maydis) | No preferrential interaction with MT subpopulations | Weldich-Soldner 2002; Steinberg 2015 | |||||
| Kinesin-4 family | |||||||
| KIF4 | Inhibition of stable MT orientation | EB1 | Stabilizes MTs oriented in direction of migration | Morris et al. 2014 | |||
| Increases posttranslational modification of MTs | |||||||
| Kinesin-6 family | |||||||
| ZEN4/MKLP1 (Caenorhabditis elegans) | Lost polarity/failure to epithelialize arcade cells | Apicolateral localization of Par3, aPKC | Apical MT accumulation | Apical actin accumulation | Localization of cadherin and AJM-1 at apicolateral junctions | Portereiko et al. 2004 | |
| Kinesin-7 family | |||||||
| Tea2 (Schizosaccharomyces pombe) | Bent and T-shaped cells | Tip1, Tea1 (ezrin/radixin/moesin-like), Tea4 | Mal3; Tip1(EB1; CLIP170) | MT capture and stabilization | Localization of Rho1 at cell ends | Arellana et al. 1997; Browning et al. 2000, 2003; Busch et al. 2004; Feierbach et al. 2004; Kume et al. 2011 | |
| Stable MTs only on one side of cell, may reflect NETO | Interaction with Mod5 and For3 | ||||||
| Actin localization in cortical patches and cell ends | |||||||
| KipA (A. nidulans) | Curved hyphae, mislocalization of the Spitznkorper vesicle supply center | TeaA, TeaR (Tea1, mod5) | TeaA (CLIP170, Tip1; EBA- inferred by genetics) | MT focusing at cell tips, MT “straightness” | Konzack et al. 2005; Takeshita 2008; Zeng et al. 2014 | ||
| Kip2 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) | Nuclear and mitotic spindle positioning | Transport of dynein and Kar9 to schmoo tip | Bik1 (CLIP170), Kar9, Bim1 (EB1) | MT polymerization/elongation | Cottingham and Hoyt 1997; Huyett et al. 1998; Miller et al. 1998; Maekawa et al. 2003; Carvalho et al. 2004; Drechsler et al. 2015; Hibbel et al. 2015 | ||
| MT stabilization | |||||||
| Kinesin-8 family | |||||||
| Kip3 (S. cerevisiae) | Nuclear positioning defect | MT plus-end depolymerization | Miller et al. 1998; Varga et al. 2006 | ||||
| MT orientation and extension into the bud | |||||||
| Kinesin-13 family | |||||||
| KIF2A | Inhibition of collateral axon pruning | Depolymerizes MTs in collateral branches | Homma et al. 2003; Maor-Nof et al. 2013 | ||||
| Kinesin-14 family | |||||||
| Kar3 (S. cerevisiae) | Nuclear migration and positioning defect | MT attachment to schmoo tip | Maddox et al. 2003 | ||||