FIG. 2.

Cardiovascular, cardiac, and cerebrovascular responses to orthostatic challenge were normalized with transcutaneous electrical spinal cord stimulation. (A) Blood pressure responses were normalized with stimulation. (B) Cerebral blood flow was normalized with stimulation. (C) Although systolic function in terms of contractility (dP/dt) was normalized with stimulation, heart rate was still elevated and stroke volume was not restored. (D) Symptoms of orthostatic intolerance were almost completely abrogated with stimulation. Repeated-measures ANOVA with Bonferoni contrasts. ^#p = 0.07; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001. ANOVA, analysis of variance; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; MAP, mean arterial blood pressure; MCA, middle cerebral artery; PCA, posterior cerebral artery; vmean, mean flow velocity; PCAvmean, mean flow velocity; SV, stroke volume; HR, heart rate; Q, cardiac output; TPR, total peripheral resistance. Color image is available online at www.liebertpub.com/neu