Table 1.

Baseline characteristic of the participants

Parameters	Placebo (n = 9)	TT group (n = 10)	AI group (n = 10)	p-value
Age (years)	72 ± 3	70 ± 3	70 ± 3	0.31
BMI (kg/m2)	27.6 ± 3.5	29.9 ± 1.2	27.7 ± 1.4	0.31
Waist circumference (cm)	97.8 ± 9.8	102.6 ± 3.6	99.8 ± 3.9	0.65
Sex steroids
Total testosterone (nmol/L)	10.5 ± 3.3	10.4 ± 2.9	10.6 ± 2.9	0.25
Estradiol (pmol/L)	5.9 ± 1.5	7.3 ± 2.5	6.2 ± 1.8	0.28
SHBG (nmol/L)	58.6 ± 21.3	43.7 ± 23.6	39.9 ± 20.7	0.17
LH (mLU/mL)	12.2 ± 10.1	10.3 ± 7.8	7.1 ± 2.5	0.35
FSH (mLU/mL)	8.2 ± 10.8	5.6 ± 2.7	6.8 ± 5.9	0.73
Metabolic parameters
Fasting glucose (mmol/L)	5.32 ± 8.3	5.35 ± 13.4	5.31 ± 8.4	0.99
2-h glucose (mmol/L)	8.00 ± 1.9	7.21 ± 1.3	7.37 ± 1.7	0.55
Fasting insulin (µU/mL)	10.0 ± 9.6	9.3 ± 5.0	7.1 ± 2.6	0.58
2-h insulin (µU/mL)	70.2 ± 51.9	53.4 ± 15.4	68.0 ± 50.5	0.64
HOMAIR	2.5 ± 1.2	2.2 ± 0.4	1.7 ± 0.6	0.61
OGIS (mL/min/m2)	378.41 ± 59.2	398.0 ± 56.8	375.7 ± 71.8	0.88
Glucose total AUC0–120 (mg/dL × min)	18,521.1 ± 3906.9	17,510.0 ± 2532.7	17,851.7 ± 3161.5	0.96
Insulin total AUC0–120 (µU/mL × min)	7082.9 ± 4866.5	6386.6 ± 2792.6	7600.6 ± 5264.3	0.55
Lipid profile
Cholesterol (mmol/L)	4.2 ± 0.7	4.9 ± 0.7	4.5 ± 0.6	0.12
Triglyceride (mmol/L)	2.8 ± 0.7	2.9 ± 0.7	3.0 ± 0.7	0.95
HDL (mmol/L)	1.3 ± 0.3	1.1 ± 0.3	1.2 ± 0.3	0.39
LDL (mmol/L)	2.4 ± 0.5	3.5 ± 0.6	2.9 ± 0.7	0.03
Adipokines and Inflammatory markers
Leptin (ng/mL)	7.4 ± 4.0	7.7 ± 5.6	7.0 ± 7.0	0.98
Adiponectin (mg/L)	12.51 ± 8.5	11.5 ± 5.6	8.81 ± 7.4	0.73
C-reactive protein (mg/L)	1.15 ± 1.0	2.38 ± 3.2	3.64 ± 2.1	0.13
Abdominal and thigh fat
Abdominal subcutaneous fat area(cm2)	258.7 ± 61.8	282.3 ± 154.6	238.8 ± 97.3	0.70
Abdominal visceral fat area (cm2)	148.3 ± 80.4	152.5 ± 45.6	134.9 ± 49.2	0.79
Mid-thigh subcutaneous fat area (cm2)	61.8 ± 25.7	63.3 ± 26.7	56.2 ± 19.8	0.82

Data are expressed as mean ± SD, placebo n = 8, TT group (n = 7), AI group (n = 8) for thigh fat. Statistical analysis were done by anova F-test.