Table 5. Demographic factors, vascular risk factors, stroke related factors and treatment related factors in relation to incidence of stroke associated pneumonia (SAP).
| Factors | No SAP (n = 1322) | SAP (n = 72) | p-valuea |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic | |||
| Age | 75 (65 to 83) | 80.5 (73 to 87) | <0.001 |
| <60 years | 244 (18.5%) | 4 (5.6%) | |
| 60–69 years | 208 (15.7%) | 7 (9.7%) | |
| 70–79 years | 381 (28.8%) | 23 (31.9%) | |
| 80–89 years | 397 (30.0%) | 25 (34.7%) | |
| ≥90 years | 92 (7.0%) | 13 (18.1%) | |
| Sex (female) | 641 (48.5%) | 30 (41.7%) | 0.259 |
| Pre-existing disabilityb | 195 (14.8%) | 17 (23.6%) | 0.041 |
| Risk factors | |||
| Hypertension | 1013 (76.8%) | 65 (90.3%) | 0.008 |
| Diabetes | 310 (23.5%) | 14 (19.4%) | 0.428 |
| Previous stroke | 230 (17.4%) | 15 (20.8%) | 0.461 |
| Myocardial infarction | 105 (8.0%) | 10 (13.9%) | 0.075 |
| Hypercholesterinaemia | 593 (45.0%) | 30 (41.7%) | 0.584 |
| Atrial Fibrillation | 342 (25.9%) | 35 (48.6%) | <0.001 |
| Other cardiac diseases | 195 (14.8%) | 17 (23.6%) | 0.042 |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 64 (4.9%) | 5 (6.9%) | 0.399 |
| Smoker | 227 (17.2%) | 9 (12.5%) | 0.300 |
| Alcohol | 107 (8.1%) | 8 (11.1%) | 0.368 |
| Stroke related | |||
| mRS (admission) | 4.0 (2.0 to 4.0) | 4.0 (4.0 to 5.0) | <0.001 |
| NIHSS (admission) | 5.0 (2.0 to 12.0) | 13.5 (6.5 to 20.0) | <0.001 |
| (0–6) | 756 (57.2%) | 18 (25.0%) | |
| (7–15) | 333 (25.2%) | 21 (29.2%) | |
| (≥16) | 233 (17.6%) | 33 (45.8%) | |
| Barthel (admission) | 60.0 (20.0 to 90.0) | 20.0 (0.0 to 60.0) | <0.001 |
| Stroke type | 0.002 | ||
| Haemorrhagic | 152 (11.5%) | 17 (23.6%) | |
| Ischemic | 1169 (88.5%) | 55 (76.4%) | |
| Complications SU | |||
| Neurological complicationsc | 117 (8.9%) | 14 (19.4%) | 0.003 |
| Cardiological complicationsd | 42 (3.2%) | 11 (15.3%) | <0.001 |
| Other complicationse | 22 (1.7%) | 2 (2.8%) | 0.356 |
| Admission | |||
| Transferred from other hospital | 323 (24.4%) | 11 (15.3%) | 0.076 |
| time stroke—admission SU (min) | 150.0 (90.0 to 285.0) | 105.0 (75.0 to 180.0) | 0.008 |
| SU admission on weekend | 378(28.6%) | 21 (29.2%) | 0.916 |
| Treatment | |||
| Thrombolysis i.v. | 257 (19.5%) | 11 (15.3%) | 0.377 |
| Assisted ventilation | 146 (11.1%) | 12 (16.7%) | 0.146 |
| Intubation | 31 (2.4%) | 6 (8.3%) | 0.010 |
| Nasogastric tube | 171 (13.0%) | 30 (41.7%) | <0.001 |
| Length of stay on SU (days) | 2.0 (1.0 to 4.0) | 4.0 (2.0 to 6.0) | <0.001 |
| GUSS f | |||
| time stroke—GUSS (days) | 1 (0 to 1) | 1 (0 to 1) | 0.222 |
| time SU admission—GUSS (days) | 0 (0 to 1) | 0 (0 to 1) | 0.214 |
| First GUSS on weekend | 192 (20.4%) | 8 (16.0%) | 0.454 |
| First GUSS by nurse | 320 (33.9%) | 11 (22.0%) | 0.081 |
| GUSS (points) | 17 (12 to 20) | 8 (2 to 13) | <0.001 |
| Outcome | |||
| Death SU | 46 (3.5%) | 6 (8.3%) | 0.048 |
| Death 3 monthsg | 130 (14.2%) | 25 (55.6%) | <0.001 |
Data are median (quartiles) or frequency (percentages)
i.v.: intravenous; mRS: modified Rankin scale, NIHSS: National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; SICH: symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage; SU: stroke-unit
a: p-value for univariate group comparisons;
b: mRS before stroke 3 to 5;
c: Symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage, cerebral oedema, epileptic seizure, progressive stroke or re-insult;
d: Arrhythmia, cardiac decompensation or myocardial infarction;
e: Sepsis, urinary tract infection or extracerebrale haemorrhages;
f: Subsample of patients screened with GUSS within 7 days (n = 993);
g: Subsample of patients with follow-up who were alive when discharged from the stroke-unit (n = 918)