Sulfolobus monocaudavirus 1 (SMV1) shedding profiles. Faecal samples were collected at 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 11, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h, all were assayed by qPCR (a) and plaque assays (b) and results within the first 24 h (a) or 9 h (b) are depicted. The values (DNA copies/pellet in A and PFU per pellet in (b) were standardized to a pellet of 0·03 g. The Tris control group showed no positive signal at any time point. The red dotted line in (a) indicates the cumulative amount of viral DNA shedded over the peak period (5–11 h postoral gavage) as a percentage of the total administered dose. The cumulative amount is based on the average viral DNA concentration in the pellets from one mouse collected over the peak period with a stool frequency of 7 pellets per h (the cumulative curves were comparable for all mice in the group). Three replicates were performed and the error bars represent standard deviation (SD). ND, nondetectable. [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]