Figure 3.

Bias factors for α- and α/β-peptides P1 – P9 relative to GLP-1 in Ca²⁺ mobilization relative to cAMP accumulation (A), ERK1/2 phosphorylation relative to cAMP accumulation (B), β-Arrestin-1 recruitment relative to cAMP accumulation (C), β-Arrestin-2 recruitment relative to cAMP accumulation (D), β-Arrestin-1 recruitment relative to Ca²⁺ mobilization (E), β-Arrestin-2 recruitment relative to Ca²⁺ mobilization (F), β-Arrestin-1 recruitment relative to ERK1/2 phosphorylation (G), and β-Arrestin-2 recruitment relative to ERK1/2 phosphorylation (H). Changes in log (τ/K_A) were calculated to provide a measure of the degree of stimulus bias exhibited between different signaling pathways relative to that of the reference agonist GLP-1. Values are the mean ± SEM of three to four individual experiments, conducted in duplicate. * statistically significant difference from GLP-1 using one-way analysis of variance followed by Dunnett’s test.