Table 4.
Differences in Demographic and Clinical Characteristics Among the Patient Subgroups Using Latent Class Analysis
| Characteristic | All Low n=419 (31.5%) (0) | Moderate Physical & Lower Psychological n=316 (23.8%) (1) | Moderate Physical & Higher Psychological n=416 (31.3%) (2) | All High n=178 (13.4%) (3) | Statistics |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||
|
| |||||
| Age (years) | 60.0 (11.2) | 57.9 (12.3) | 55.3 (12.9) | 54.4 (12.0) | F(3,1325) = 14.66, p <.001 |
| 0 and 1 > 2 and 3 | |||||
|
| |||||
| Education (years) | 16.3 (3.1) | 16.2 (2.9) | 16.4 (3.1) | 15.5 (2.9) | F(3,1298) = 4.28, p = .005 |
| 0 and 2 > 3 | |||||
|
| |||||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.2 (5.5) | 26.2 (5.9) | 26.0 (5.4) | 26.9 (6.4) | F(3,1307) = 1.08, p = .358 |
|
| |||||
| Karnofsky Performance Status score | 85.8 (11.1) | 79.4 (12.2) | 78.0 (11.9) | 72.3 (11.2) | F(3,1271) = 62.75,Pp<.001 |
| 0 > 1, 2, and 3 | |||||
| 1 and 2 > 3 | |||||
|
| |||||
| Number of comorbidities | 2.1 (1.3) | 2.5 (1.4) | 2.5 (1.4) | 3.0 (1.6) | F(3,1325) = 19.32, p<.001 |
| 0 < 1, 2, and 3 | |||||
| 1 and 2 < 3 | |||||
|
| |||||
| SCQ score | 4.5 (2.6) | 5.6 (3.2) | 5.7 (3.1) | 7.1 (4.0) | F(3,1325) = 29.60, p<.001 |
| 0 < 1, 2, and 3 | |||||
| 1 and 2 < 3 | |||||
|
| |||||
| AUDIT score | 3.1 (2.4) | 2.5 (1.9) | 3.1 (2.7) | 3.1 (3.1) | F(3,856) = 2.61, p = .05 |
|
| |||||
| Time since cancer diagnosis (years) | 1.8 (3.1) | 2.1 (4.2) | 2.1 (4.4) | 1.9 (3.7) | KW = 2.64, p = .478 |
|
| |||||
| Time since cancer diagnosis (median) | 0.42 | 0.41 | 0.44 | 0.45 | |
|
| |||||
| Number of prior cancer treatments | 1.5 (1.5) | 1.5 (1.5) | 1.7 (1.5) | 1.8 (1.5) | F(3,1312) = 1.25, p = .290 |
|
| |||||
| Number of metastatic sites including lymph node involvement | 1.3 (1.2) | 1.3 (1.3) | 1.3 (1.3) | 1.0 (1.1) | F(3,1325) = 2.31, p = .075 |
|
| |||||
| Number of metastatic sites excluding lymph node involvement | 0.8 (1.0) | 0.8 (1.1) | 0.8 (1.1) | 0.6 (0.9) | F(3,1325) = 1.85, p = .136 |
|
| |||||
| % (n) | % (n) | % (n) | % (n) | ||
|
| |||||
| Gender | X2 = 48.63, p<.001 | ||||
| Female+ | 67.8 (284) | 76.3 (241) | 83.7 (348) | 89.9 (160) | 0 < 2 |
| Male | 32.2 (135) | 23.7 (75) | 16.1 (67) | 10.1 (18) | 1 < 3 |
| Transgender* | 0.0 (0) | 0.0 (0) | 0.2 (1) | 0.0 (0) | |
|
| |||||
| Ethnicity | X2 = 22.96, p = .006 | ||||
| White | 70.6 (291) | 66.6 (207) | 75.1 (310) | 61.9 (109) | 2 < 3 |
| Black | 13.1 (54) | 14.8 (46) | 8.0 (33) | 15.9 (28) | NS |
| Asian or Pacific Islander | 7.5 (31) | 9.3 (29) | 5.6 (23) | 6.8 (12) | 1 and 3 < 2 |
| Hispanic Mixed or Other | 8.7 (36) | 9.3 (29) | 11.4 (47) | 15.3 (27) | NS |
|
| |||||
| Married or partnered (% yes) | 67.7 (279) | 64.3 (202) | 64.0 (261) | 57.4 (101) | X2 = 5.78, p = .123 |
|
| |||||
| Lives alone (% yes) | 20.9 (86) | 20.4 (64) | 21.0 (86) | 26.6 (47) | X2 = 3.03, p = .387 |
|
| |||||
| Child care responsibilities (% yes) | 18.5 (76) | 21.3 (65) | 22.2 (91) | 31.0 (54) | X2 = 11.32, p = .010 |
| 0 < 3 | |||||
|
| |||||
| Care of adult responsibilities (% yes) | 5.2 (20) | 8.8 (25) | 9.6 (36) | 8.9 (14) | X2 = 5.97, p = .113 |
|
| |||||
| Currently employed (% yes) | 40.0 (165) | 34.4 (108) | 35.9 (148) | 23.3 (41) | X2 = 15.23, p = .002 |
| 0 and 2 > 3 | |||||
|
| |||||
| Income | |||||
| < $30,000+ | 14.4 (52) | 18.3 (52) | 15.9 (61) | 33.1 (54) | KW, p<.001 |
| $30,000 to <$70,000 | 19.7 (71) | 21.5 (61) | 23.2 (89) | 19.0 (31) | 0, 1, and 2 < 3 |
| $70,000 to < $100,000 | 18.9 (68) | 16.2 (46) | 15.4 (59) | 16.0 (26) | |
| ≥ $100,000 | 46.9 (169) | 44.0 (125) | 45.4 (174) | 31.9 (52) | |
|
| |||||
| Specific comorbidities (% yes) | |||||
|
| |||||
| Heart disease | 5.5 (23) | 7.6 (24) | 4.1 (17) | 7.3 (13) | X2 = 4.91, p = .178 |
|
| |||||
| High blood pressure | 30.5 (128) | 33.5 (106) | 26.9 (112) | 33.1 (59) | X2 = 4.48, p = .214 |
|
| |||||
| Lung disease | 9.8 (41) | 12.7 (40) | 10.6 (44) | 14.0 (25) | X2 = 3.10, p = .377 |
|
| |||||
| Diabetes | 9.5 (40) | 11.4 (36) | 6.7 (28) | 9.6 (17) | X2 = 4.97, p = .174 |
|
| |||||
| Ulcer or stomach disease | 2.9 (12) | 4.4 (14) | 5.3 (22) | 9.0 (16) | X2 = 10.55, p = .014 |
| 0 < 3 | |||||
|
| |||||
| Kidney disease | 0.7 (3) | 1.6 (5) | 2.2 (9) | 1.1 (2) | X2 = 3.27, p = .351 |
|
| |||||
| Liver disease | 7.2 (30) | 6.0 (19) | 5.8 (24) | 7.3 (13) | X2 = 0.98, p = .806 |
|
| |||||
| Anemia or blood disease | 7.2 (30) | 13.6 (43) | 14.4 (60) | 17.4 (31) | X2 = 16.77, p = .001 |
| 0 < 1, 2, and 3 | |||||
|
| |||||
| Depression | 7.2 (30) | 11.7 (37) | 28.4 (118) | 39.3 (70) | X2 = 119.64, p<.001 |
| 0 and 1 < 2 and 3 | |||||
|
| |||||
| Osteoarthritis | 10.5 (44) | 11.4 (36) | 13.0 (54) | 16.3 (29) | X2 = 4.32, p = .229 |
|
| |||||
| Back pain | 15.3 (64) | 26.6 (84) | 27.6 (115) | 44.9 (80) | X2 = 59.15, p<.001 |
| 0 < 1, 2, and 3 | |||||
| 1 and 2 < 3 | |||||
|
| |||||
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 2.6 (11) | 4.7 (15) | 2.6 (11) | 3.4 (6) | X2 = 3.28, p = .351 |
|
| |||||
| Exercise on a regular basis (% yes) | 73.2 (303) | 68.8 (212) | 74.9 (305) | 59.6 (102) | X2 = 15.41, p = .002 |
| 0 and 2 > 3 | |||||
|
| |||||
| Smoking, current or history of (% yes) | 34.2 (142) | 37.1 (114) | 36.3 (149) | 32.6 (57) | X2 = 1.40, p = .706 |
|
| |||||
| Cancer diagnosis | X2 = 34.25, p<.001 | ||||
| Breast | 32.9 (138) | 39.9 (126) | 45.7 (190) | 44.9 (80) | 0 < 2 and 3 |
| Gastrointestinal | 37.2 (156) | 33.5 (106) | 23.8 (99) | 25.8 (46) | 0 > 2 and 3; 1 > 2 |
| Gynecological | 16.7 (70) | 13.3 (42) | 21.2 (88) | 18.5 (33) | 1 < 2 |
| Lung | 13.1 (55) | 13.3 (42) | 9.4 (39) | 10.7 (19) | NS |
|
| |||||
| Type of prior cancer treatment | KW, p = .063 | ||||
| No prior treatment | 26.5 (108) | 29.0 (89) | 22.6 (91) | 19.9 (35) | |
| Only surgery, CTX, or RT | 41.0 (167) | 41.7 (128) | 42.5 (171) | 43.8 (77) | |
| Surgery & CTX, or Surgery & RT, or CTX & RT | 20.6 (84) | 17.3 (53) | 21.9 (88) | 18.2 (32) | |
| Surgery & CTX & RT | 11.8 (48) | 12.1 (37) | 12.9 (52) | 18.2 (31) | |
Abbreviations: AUDIT = Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, CTX = chemotherapy, kg = kilograms, KW = Kruskal Wallis; m2 = meter squared, NS = not significant, RT = radiation therapy, SCQ = Self-Administered Comorbidity Questionnaire, SD = standard deviation
*
Chi Square analysis and post hoc contrasts done without the transgender patient include in the analyses
+
Reference group for the post hoc comparisons