Table 1.

Demographic characteristics of sample, by cumulative lifetime socioeconomic status (N = 997)

	Original sample		Imputed sample
	Total		Total	Low cumulative lifetime SESf	High cumulative lifetime SESf
Characteristic	n or mean	% or SD	% or mean	% or mean	% or mean
Age (mean, SD)	69.3	9.0	69.3	70.3	68.4
Female (n, %)	552	55	55	60.6	50.4
Race/ethnicity (n, %)
Hispanic	406	41	41	61	22
Non-Hispanic black	315	32	32	28	35
Non-Hispanic white	276	28	28	11	43
Foreign-borna (n, %)	402	30	40	58	24
Missing	1	0	—	—	—
Study site (n, %)
Baltimore, MD	254	25	25	15	35
Los Angeles, CA	431	43	43	37	26
New York, NY	312	31	32	48	39
Education (n, %)
≤ High school/GED	394	40	39	65	15
Some college, technical or associate’s degree	299	30	30	26	34
≥ Bachelor’s degree	304	30	31	9	52
Household annual income (n, %)
< $25,000	315	32	32	52	13
$25,000-39,999	205	21	21	28	14
$40,000-74,999	248	25	25	18	32
≥ $75,000	210	21	22	2	41
Missing	19	2	—	—	—
Wealth indicators (n, %)
Owns own home	286	30	29	25	33
Missing	37	4	—	—	—
Investmentsb	527	55	55	33	77
Missing	35	4	—	—	—
Owns a car	757	79	79	72	85
Missing	34	3	—	—	—
Owns propertyc	332	34	34	23	44
Missing	34	3	—	—	—
Child SESd (n, %)
Low	568	60	60	90	31
Medium	198	21	21	10	32
High	177	19	19	0	37
Missing	54	5	—	—	—
Adult SESe (n, %)
Low	257	27	26	49	5
Medium	385	41	39	51	28
High	298	32	34	0	67
Missing	57	6	—	—	—
Cumulative lifetime SESf (n, %)
0	175	20	19	39	0
1	275	31	30	61	0
2	231	26	27	0	53
3	115	13	13	0	26
4	98	11	11	0	21
Missing	103	10	—	—	—
Lifetime SES trajectoryg (n, %)
Stable low	175	20	19	39	0
Stable medium	82	9	9	0	9
Stable high	98	11	11	0	21
Upwardly mobile	425	48	49	51	46
Downwardly mobile	114	13	13	10	16
Missing	103	10	—	—	—

^aIncludes Puerto Rico

^bIncludes stocks, bonds, mutual funds, retirement investments, or other investments

^cIncludes any land, business property, apartments or houses other than own residence

^dMeasured using father’s education: Low= < High school, Medium = High school, High = > High school

^eSum of education (in categories shown, scored 0-2), household income (in categories shown, scored 0-3), and wealth indicators: Low = 0-2, Medium = 3-6, High = 7-10

^fSum of child SES (scored 0-2) and adult SES (scored 0-2). For columns, Low is defined as 0–1 and High is defined as 2–4.

^gStable low = low-low (i.e., low child SES, low adult SES); stable medium = medium-medium; stable high = high-high; upwardly mobile = low-medium, low-high, or medium-high; downwardly mobile = high-medium, high-low, or medium-low.