Table 1.

Risk Factors for EoE and Disorders Associated with EoE

Risk factor	Comment
Aeroallergens10, 16, 94–96, 98, 99, 154	Might cause EoE or increase disease activity; can cross react with food allergens; may explain seasonal variation in diagnosis
Food allergens7, 155, 156	Directly trigger EoE; elimination can lead to disease remission
Helicobacter pylori109–113	Inversely associated with EoE; decrease in H. pylori prevalence has accompanied increase in EoE prevalence over the last 20 years; mechanistic data lacking
Infections (herpes simplex virus; mycoplasma)115– 118	Associated with EoE; mechanistic data lacking
Oral or sublingual immunotherapy120–124	Causes or induces EoE in certain patients; baseline EoE status for reported cases usually not know prior to immunotherapy
Proton pump inhibitors126	Reported to induce IgE antibodies to certain foods
Cold or arid climates100	Increased odds of EoE in these climate zones, but not in temperate or tropical zones
Population density35, 101, 102	Odds of EoE increase as population density decreases
Early life factors104–107	Antibiotic use, Cesarean section, and preterm delivery increase the odds of pediatric EoE
Connective tissue disorders133	Ehlers-Danlos, Marfan Syndrome, and Loeys- Dietz syndrome have been associated with EoE
Celiac disease128–132	Associated with EoE; EoE is more common in patients with celiac disease than would be expected
Autoimmune conditions134, 135	Inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, IgA deficiency, multiple sclerosis, and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis associated with EoE