. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Feb 1.

Published in final edited form as: Kidney Int. 2017 Dec 21;93(2):325–334. doi: 10.1016/j.kint.2017.08.038

Table 3.

Reported in observational or non-randomized interventional studies incidence of hyperkalemia in CKD patients under treatment with RAAS-blockers

Patient characteristics	n	Year	Design	Follow-up	Definition of hyperkalemia	Reported incidence rate	Ref
CKD outpatients initiating an ACEI at a VA medical centre	1,818	1998	Observational cohort study	12 mo	>5.1 mmol/l	11%	²⁷
Patients with resistant hypertension and stage 2–3 CKD who received spironolactone added to pre-existing BP-lowering therapies	46	2009	Single-arm, interventional study	1.5 mo	>5.5 mmol/L	17.3%	²⁹
National US sample of veterans treated with ACEIs/ARBs during the fiscal year 2005	245,808 (70,873 with stage 3–4 CKD)	2009	Observational cohort study	12 mo	≥5.5 mEq/L	13.7% in CKD patients treated with ACEIs/ARBs	³⁰
CKD outpatients initiating an ACEI-based antihypertensive regimen	5,171	2010	Observational cohort study	3 mo	>5.5 mmol/L	2.8%	²⁸
Outpatients enrolled in the Geisinger Health System	194,456	2016	Registry study	3 yrs	>5.5 mmol/L	2.3%	³¹

Abbreviations: AASK= African American Study of Kidney Disease; ACEI= angiotensin-converting-enzyme-inhibitor; ARB= angiotensin-receptor-blocker; BP= blood pressure; CKD= chronic kidney disease;