Table 4.

Observational cohort studies evaluating the association of serum potassium with all-cause mortality in patients with non-dialysis CKD

Patient characteristics	n	Year	Follow-up	Pattern of the association	Details	Ref
Stage 3–4 CKD patients participating in the Renal Research Institute CKD Study	820	2010	2.6 yrs	U-shaped	Time-varying SK of ≤4 mmol/L (HR: 1.73; 95% CI: 1.02–2.95) as well as time-varying SK >5.5 mmol/L were both associated with increased risk of ACM (HR: 1.57; 95% CI: 0.78–3.20)	31
CKD patients enrolled in an electronic medical record registry	36,359	2015	2.6 yrs	U-shaped	Time-varying SK <3.5 mmol/L (HR: 1.95; 95% CI: 1.74–2.18) and SK >5.5 mmol/L were both associated with ACM (HR: 1.65; 95% CI: 1.48–1.84)	32
Stage 3–4 CKD patients enrolled in an electronic registry of HeathCare Partners in California	55,266	2016	2.76 yrs	U-shaped	SK <3.5 mEq/L (IRR: 3.05; 95% CI: 2.53–3.68) and SK >6 mEq/L were both associated with ACM (IRR: 3.31; 95% CI: 2.52–4.34).	33
US veterans participating in the Racial and Cardiovascular Risk Anomalies in Chronic Kidney Disease (RCAV) study.	2,662,462	2017	5.9 yrs	U-Shaped	Compared to serum potassium level of 4.2 mmol/l, both higher and lower serum potassium levels were associated with higher risk of ACM regardless of the African-American race.	34

Abbreviations: ACM= all-cause mortality; CKD= chronic kidney disease; CI= confidence interval; HR= hazard ratio; IRR= incidence rate ratio; SK= serum potassium;