Table 1.
Overview of the current literature on the microbiome as determined by 16S rRNA gene analysis in multiple sclerosis
| Reference | No. of patients (disease course) |
Treatment | Controls (household?) | Ethnicity | OTUs or genera increased in MS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [52]* | 7 (RRMS) | 5 treated (GA), 2 untreated |
8 (no) | White |
Akkermansia
Faecalibacterium Coprococcus |
| [51] | 20 (RRMS) | 13 treated (IFN-β and/or PSL), 7 untreated |
40+10 (no) | Asian |
Eggerthella lenta
Streptococcus thermophiles/salivarius Clostridia cluster XIVa and IV (including Faecalibacterium prausnitzi, Coprococcus comes) Anaerostipes hadrus Eubacterium rectale |
| [50] | 31 (RRMS) | 20 treated (IFN-β, NTZ, GA), 11 untreated |
36 (no) |
Pseudomonas,
Pedobacter Mycoplana Blautia |
|
| [48] | 60 (RRMS) | 28 untreated | 43 (no) | White, black (n = 2) |
Akkermansia
Methanobrevibacter Butyricimonas Paraprevotella Haemophilus Slackia |
| Tremlett et al. [44] | 18 (RRMS) | 9 untreated, 9 treated (IFN-β, NTZ, GA) |
17 (no) | White (50%), nonwhite (50%) |
Bilophila
Bifidobacterium Desulfovibrio Christensenellaceae |
| [44, 49] | 71 (RRMS) | 71 untreated | 71 (yes) | White |
Acinetobacter calcoaceticus
Akkermansia muciniphila Eggerthella lenta |
| [49, 53] | 34 (22 RRMS, 7 SPMS, 3 CIS, 2 PPMS) |
15 untreated,
19 treated (13 IFN-β, 4 NTZ, 1 GA, 1 AZT) |
34 (monozygotic twins) | White | Akkermansia muciniphila |
*Subanalysis of a pre-/postvitamin D supplementation study
OTU = operational taxonomic unit; RRMS = relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis; GA = glatirameracetate; IFN = interferon; PSL = prednisolone; NTZ = natalizumab; AZT = azathioprine; SPMS = secondary progressive multiple sclerosis; CIS = clinically isolated syndrome