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. 2018 Feb 1;8:2055. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-20662-0

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Slow rhythms in superficial cortical layers are coherent with other cortical areas. (a) Coherence (frequency vs. cortical depth) of individual ECoG contacts with the laminar probe in a single awake participant. There are high levels of delta/theta coherence in contacts as far as primary motor cortex. ECoG contact spacing is 1 cm. Data from 3 additional subjects is shown in Supplementary Fig. 5. (b) Average coherence (n = 4) between a laminar probe and all ECoG (surface) contacts as a function of depth and frequency. Significant ECoG-Laminar coherence was found most consistently within low-frequencies and superficial layers. (c) Average coherence (n = 3) within layers between two simultaneously recorded laminar arrays. The asterisk indicates that coherence between very superficial contacts (approximate layers I/II) was significant within all 3 subjects from 1–5 Hz. (d) Coherence between the neocortical laminar array and an example cortical SEEG bipolar macroelectrode. (e) Coherence between the laminar array and a bipolar macroelectrode recording within the head of the hippocampus. Single subject. Statistical comparisons for panels b, d and e are shown in Supplementary Fig. 6. In all cases, coherence is significant at low frequencies in upper layers.