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. 2018 Feb 1;8:2055. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-20662-0

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Superficial slow oscillations are coupled to faster frequencies across all layers. (a) Phase of ongoing delta in superficial layers is tightly coupled to the amplitude of faster frequencies in all layers. Amplitude was normalized within each contact and frequency band, and then averaged across all subjects and states. Each panel represents phase on the X-axis, cortical layer on the Y-axis and average amplitude of a given frequency in color. The overlying line shows delta phase. (b) Same as A, but for coupling of superficial theta phase to amplitude of higher frequencies in all layers.