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. 2018 Feb 1;8:2158. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-20538-3

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effects of dietary intake of 0.1% GF on cognitive deficits in the adult offspring after prenatal poly(I:C) exposure. (a) Schedule of treatment and behavioral tests. Saline (5 ml/kg/day) or poly(I:C) (5.0 mg/kg/day from E12 to E17) was injected into pregnant mice. Normal food pellets or 0.1% GF food pellets were given to juvenile offspring from D28 to D56. Subsequently, normal food pellets were given to all mice for 14 days (D57-). Brain samples were collected at D70. (b) Locomotion: There was no difference (poly(I:C): F_1,29 = 0.7555, P = 0.3919; GF: F_1,29 = 1.515, P = 0.2282; interaction: F_1,29 = 1.434, P = 0.2408) among the four groups. The value is expressed as the mean ± S.E.M. (n = 8 for saline + control pellet group, n = 8 for saline + GF pellet group, n = 9 for poly(I:C) + control pellet group, n = 8 for poly(I:C) + GF pellet group). (c) NORT: There was no difference (poly(I:C): F_1,29 = 0.019, P = 0.891; GF: F_1,29 = 0.891, P = 0.390; interaction: F_1,29 = 0.057, P = 0.812) among the four groups in the training session. In the retention session, the exploratory preference of poly(I:C) + GF pellet group was significantly (poly(I:C): F_1,29 = 3.346, P = 0.048; GF: F_1,29 = 10.943, P = 0.003; interaction: F_1,29 = 5.832, P = 0.022) higher than poly(I:C) + control pellet group. **P < 0.01 compared with poly(I:C) + control pellet group. The value is expressed as the mean ± S.E.M. (n = 8 for saline + control pellet group, n = 8 for saline + GF pellet group, n = 9 for poly(I:C) + control pellet group, n = 8 for poly(I:C) + GF pellet group). (d) Brain atlas of PrL and IL regions of mPFC and representative data of PV-immunoreactivity in the mPFC of juvenile offspring. (e) The PV-immunoreactivity in the PrL of mPFC of poly(I:C) + GF pellet group was significantly (poly(I:C): F_1,29 = 5.798, P = 0.023; GF: F_1,29 = 4.992, P = 0.033; interaction: F_1,29 = 4.992, P = 0.033) higher than that of poly(I:C) + control pellet group. **P < 0.01, compared with poly(I:C) + control pellet group. The value is expressed as the mean ± S.E.M. (n = 8). (f) The PV-immunoreactivity in the IL of mPFC was not different (poly(I:C): F_1,29 = 1.597, P = 0.216; GF: F_1,29 = 1.113, P = 0.300; interaction: F_1,29 = 0.8391, P = 0.367) among the four groups. The value is expressed as the mean ± S.E.M. (n = 8).