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. 2018 Feb 1;8:2035. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-20400-6

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Sequencing of VIP gene and linkage disequilibrium (LD) Plot. (a) Structural diagram of VIP gene comprising the promoter region, 7 exons and 6 introns. The upper diagram shows mRNA transcription and the bottom diagram represents the 29 overlapping amplicons used for sequencing, as well as the SNPs found. SNPs chosen for further study are highlighted in bold. (b) Plot showing LD patterns among genotyped SNPs. LD is measured as r² and shown (×100) in the diamond at the intersection of diagonals from each SNP. r² = 0 shown in white, 0 < r² < 1 shown in grey and r² = 1 shown in black. Top analysis track represents chromosomal location. Bold black line outlines one haplotype block designating markers in high LD.