Table 1. Demographic and clinical data for CN, HR and BD groups.
| CN (n=96) | HR (n=84) | BD (n=38) | Difference statistic | P-value | Post-hoc effects | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic data | ||||||
| Females, n (%) | 53 (55.2) | 45 (53.6) | 23 (60.5) | χ2=0.52 | 0.77 | |
| Males, n (%) | 43 (44.8) | 39 (46.4) | 15 (39.5) | χ2=0.52 | 0.77 | |
| Intelligence quotient, mean (s.d.) | 117.7 (10.3) | 116.3 (10.7) | 117.3 (12.0) | F=0.36 | 0.69 | |
| Age, mean (s.d.) | 22.6 (3.8) | 22.4 (4.7) | 23.9 (3.4) | F=2.08 | 0.13 | |
| Lifetime DSM-IV diagnosis | ||||||
| Any diagnosis, n (%) | 24 (25.0) | 39 (46.4) | 38 (100.0) | χ2=61.59 | <0.001 | HR>CN** BD>CN*** |
| At least one MDE, n (%) | 9 (9.4) | 22 (26.2) | 36 (94.7) | χ2=94.51 | <0.001 | HR>CN** BD>CN*** BD>HR*** |
| Recurrent MDD, n (%) | 1 (1.0) | 7 (8.3) | − | χ2=5.61 | 0.01 | HR>CN* |
| Any anxiety disorder, n (%) | 9 (9.5) | 15 (18.3) | 15 (39.5) | χ2=16.45 | <0.001 | BD>CN*** BD>HR* |
| Any behavioural disorder, n (%) | 1 (1.1) | 6 (7.4) | 7 (18.9) | χ2=13.86 | <0.001 | HR>CN* BD>CN*** |
| Any substance disorder, n (%) | 6 (6.3) | 9 (10.7) | 6 (15.8) | χ2=3.03 | 0.220 | − |
| Symptom severity scales | ||||||
| 22–30 Years | n=51 | n=41 | n=25 | |||
| MADRS, mean (s.d.) | 1.9 (3.2) | 2.5 (3.7) | 10.1 (9.5) | F=22.10 | <0.001 | BD>CN*** BD>HR*** |
| 15–21 Years | n=34 | n=33 | n=9 | |||
| CDI, mean (s.d.) | 6.8 (3.7) | 9.0 (6.6) | 21.7 (8.7) | F=23.78 | <0.001 | BD>CN*** BD>HR*** |
| Clinical characteristics | ||||||
| Global functioning | ||||||
| GAF, mean (s.d.) | 91.7 (4.7) | 87.4 (8.5) | 78.6 (12.0) | F=38.49 | <0.001 | CN>HR*** CN>BD*** HR>BD*** |
| Age at first | ||||||
| MDE, mean (s.d.) | 19.1 (3.2) | 18.5 (4.5) | 15.4 (3.7) | F=6.63 | 0.002 | BD<CN** BD<HR** |
| Hypomanic episode, mean (s.d.) | − | − | 17.0 (4.3) | − | − | − |
| Manic episode, mean (s.d.) | − | − | 17.5 (3.2) | − | − | − |
| Elevated mood episode, mean (s.d.) | − | − | 17.0 (4.0) | − | − | − |
| Mood episode, mean (s.d.) | 19.1 (3.2) | 18.5 (4.5) | 14.9 (3.8) | F=8.68 | <0.001 | BD<CN** BD<HR** |
| Any anxiety disorder | 10.3 (6.7) | 13.5 (6.4) | 13.3 (7.0) | F=1.31 | 0.277 | |
| Number of episodes | ||||||
| MDE, mean (s.d.) | 1.4 (1.3) | 2.0 (2.1) | 12.0 (12.5) | F=12.89 | <0.001 | BD>CN*** BD>HR*** |
| Hypomanic episodes, mean (s.d.) | − | − | 10.2 (10.3) | − | − | − |
| Manic episode, mean (s.d.) | − | − | 2.8 (2.5) | − | − | − |
| Any elevated mood episode, mean (s.d.) | − | − | 9.9 (10.9) | − | − | |
| Any mood episode, mean (s.d.) | 1.4 (1.3) | 2.0 (2.1) | 21.7 (21.5) | F=16.93 | <0.001 | BD>CN*** BD>HR*** |
| Psychotropic medication | ||||||
| Anti-depressants, n (%) | − | − | 15 (39.5) | − | − | − |
| Mood stabilisers, n (%) | − | − | 26 (68.4) | − | − | − |
| Anti-psychotics, n (%) | − | − | 11 (28.9) | − | − | − |
| Benzodiazepines, n (%) | − | − | 0 (0.0) | − | − | − |
| Stimulants, n (%) | − | − | 0 (0.0) | − | − | − |
| Anti-convulsants, n (%) | − | − | 21 (65.6) | − | − | − |
Abbreviations: BD, bipolar disorder; CN, controls; GAF, Global Assessment of Functioning; HR, high risk; MDE, major depressive episode; MDD, major depressive disorder.
*P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001.