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. 2018 Feb 1;8:2088. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-20264-w

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Localized MR spectra of HP [1-¹³C]pyruvate from individual Zucker rats sampled from the subgroups described in text: wild type Zucker (Fa/Fa) (A), obese Zucker (fa/fa) (B), and wild type Zucker treated with STZ and subsequent insulin withdrawal for 24–36 h (Fa/Fa-STZ) (C). Resonances corresponding to [1-¹³C]lactate (184 ppm), [1-¹³C]pyruvate hydrate (180 ppm), [1-¹³C]alanine (177 ppm), and [1-¹³C]pyruvate (172 ppm) are easily identified in all spectra (arrows). HP ¹³C spectra are shown to the right of standard coronal anatomic ¹H MRI images indicating positions of slices for ¹³C MR data acquisition (green rectangles). In each rat, spectra were acquired from each of two adjacent 12-mm thick axial slices through the liver and kidneys, respectively. MR spectra were summed over all acquisition time points over the 30-second acquisition window, and scaled to the approximate spectral noise level (i.e. the MR data has units of signal-to-noise ratio).