Skip to main content
. 2017 Dec 30;10(1):12. doi: 10.3390/v10010012

Table 1.

List of immune dysfunctions caused by sustained type I interferon (IFN-I) signaling which are reversibly rescued by the interferon-α/β receptor (IFNR) blockade.

Phenotype Improvement(s) Model Virus(es) Reference(s)
Increased cytokine producing virus-specific CD4/CD8 (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2); improved antiviral responses graphic file with name viruses-10-00012-i001.jpg HIV, LCMV [12,13,23,26,34]
Reduced expression of PD-1, TIM-3, TIGIT, BATF, CD160 on CD8 (decreased cell exhaustion) graphic file with name viruses-10-00012-i002.jpg HIV [12,34]
Reduced KI67+ population in CD4/CD8; decrease of HIV-mediated T-cell hyperactivation graphic file with name viruses-10-00012-i003.jpg HIV [12]
Reduced HLA-DR, CD38, CD69, CD80 expression in CD4/CD8; decrease of HIV-mediated T-cell hyperactivation graphic file with name viruses-10-00012-i004.jpg HIV [12,34,41*,53*]
Decrease of caspase-3-dependent apoptosis in total and specific CD4 T-cells graphic file with name viruses-10-00012-i005.jpg HIV, LCMV [13,54,55*]
Accelerating neutralizing Abs production graphic file with name viruses-10-00012-i006.jpg LCMV [18]
Reduced PD-L1 and IL-10 expression in DCs, mono and macro. Decreased IL-10 levels in plasma/sera graphic file with name viruses-10-00012-i007.jpg HIV, LCMV [23,26,41*]
Reduced IL-1 and IL-18 levels, and inflammasome activation in DCs and monos; decreased CD80 expression in monos graphic file with name viruses-10-00012-i008.jpg HIV, LCMV [23,26,41*]
Increase of splenocyte cell numbers (DCs, macrophages, CD4, CD8, B and matural killers) graphic file with name viruses-10-00012-i009.jpg LCMV [23,26,52]
Proper splenic architecture organization graphic file with name viruses-10-00012-i010.jpg LCMV [23,26]
Decreased CXCR4 expression on GC B Increased levels of specific Ab production and specific ASCs graphic file with name viruses-10-00012-i011.jpg LCMV [52]
Decreased caspase-3+ apoptotic virus-specific GC B (by counteracting plasmablast differentiation); B expansion graphic file with name viruses-10-00012-i012.jpg LCMV [54]
Increased virus-specific B number; Decreased CTL CD8-mediated kill of specific B graphic file with name viruses-10-00012-i013.jpg LCMV [56]
Reduced TRAIL/DR5-mediated apoptosis in CD4 graphic file with name viruses-10-00012-i014.jpg HIV [55*]
Decreased % of TRAIL+ and apoptotic CD4 graphic file with name viruses-10-00012-i015.jpg HIV [57]
Increased Fas-mediated apoptosis in CD4 and CD8 T-cells graphic file with name viruses-10-00012-i016.jpg HIV [58*]
Increased expression of BTLA on CD4 T-cells; reduced hyper-immune activation graphic file with name viruses-10-00012-i017.jpg HIV [59*]
Increased Th1 differentiation in late primed virus-specific CD4 graphic file with name viruses-10-00012-i018.jpg LCMV [60]

Inline graphic: Humans; Inline graphic: Humanized mice; Inline graphic; Mice; *: in vitro viral infection; ASC: antibody-secreting cells; CD: cluster of Differentiation; TNF: tumor Necrosis Factor; IL: interleukin; PD: programmed Death Protein; TIM: T-cell Immunoglobulin and Mucin; TIGIT: T-cell Ig and ITIM domain; BATF: basic leucine zipper transcription factor ATF-like; LCMV: Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus; KI: proliferation Marker, Ki-67 is a prototype monoclonal Ab and was first produced in Kiel, Germany; HLA-DR: human leukocyte antigen - antigen D related; DCs: dendritic cells; CXCR: C-X-C motif chemokine receptor; GC: germinal center; ASCs: antibody secreting cells; CTL: cytotoxic T lymphocytes; TRAIL: TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand; Th1: Type I T helper cells; BTLA: B and T lymphocyte attenuator.