Table 2.
Overview of CRISPR/Cas9 applications in virus-host interaction.
| Virus | Target | Effect | PMID |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hepatitis A virus | Cellular protein glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) | Antiviral protein: knockout of GRP78 enhances HAV replication in Huh7 cells | [93] |
| Hepatitis B virus | Cellular proteins p53 and PTEN | Knockout of p53 and PTEN accelerates HBV-induced HCC in adult HBV transgenic mice | [94] |
| miR-3188 | KO of miR-3188 inhibited xenograft tumour growth of HBV-positive HCC in nude mice | [95] | |
| Complete genome | Complete removal of integrated HBV genome in HCC resulted in very low levels of supernatant HBV DNA, HBsAg and HBeAg | [96] | |
| CDC42 | KO of CDC42 in HuH-7-HBx cells reduced proliferation mediated by pX protein of HBV | [97] | |
| DNA polymerase K | KO prevents conversion of relaxed circular HBV DNA into ccc DNA | [98] | |
| S and X genes | Reduced viral infectivity | [99,100] | |
| Regulatory region | Inhibits HBV replication | [101] | |
| Hepatitis C Virus | STAT1 and STAT2 in Huh-7.5 cells | Inhibition of HCV replication by IFNλ depends on STAT1 and STAT2, while STAT2 is necessary for IFNα-induced inhibition of HCV replication | [102] |
| ISG15 | KO of ISG15 increases HCV replication | [103] | |
| CLDN1, OCLN and CD81 are necessary for cell-free entry and cell-to-cell transmission of the virus | [104] | ||
| Herpes Simplex Virus-1 | LULL1 | LULL1 KO reduces HSV-1genome replication 10-fold | [105] |
| ICP0 | Reduced viral infectivity | [106] | |
| Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 | CCR5 | KO of the CCR5 receptor in CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells makes them resistant to HIV | [107] |
| Cellular genes | Interaction between capsid protein and IFNα-induced antiviral factors | [108] | |
| LTR and gag gene | Cleavage of integrated viral DNA resulting in eradication of the virus | [109] | |
| Cellular protein SAMHD1 | Moe efficient HIV-1 infection in SAMHD1 KO THP-1 cells | [110] | |
| LTR | Remove integrated viral genome | [111,112,113] | |
| CCR5 | KO of CCR5 co-receptor prevents HIV-1 infection | [114,115] | |
| LTR | Activation of latent HIV-1 infection | [116] | |
| CXCR4 | KO of CXCR4 makes CD4+ cells resistant to HIV-1 infection | [117] | |
| ESCRT-II | KO of ESCRT-II reduces virus production and budding | [118] | |
| ER-Mannosidase I gene (MAN1B1) | MAN1B1 is involved in env degradation | [119] | |
| TSPO (mitochondrial translocator protein) | TSPO inhibits HIV-1 Env expression | [120] | |
| Human Immunodeficiency Virus-2 | BST2 (=tetherin) in H9 cells | BST2 is necessary for HIV-2 release | [121] |
| Epstein-Barr Virus | Multiple cellular proteins | sgRNA library was used to identify cellular targets that EBV uses to transform cells | [122] |
| CD63 | KO reduces exosomal package of LMP1 | [123] | |
| BART promoter | Protocol 558 bp deletion in BART promoter | [124,125] | |
| Episomal EBV genome which facilitates cloning and sequencing | [126] | ||
| Ebola virus | ER chaperones calnexin and calreticulin | KO of calnexin or/and calreticulin decrease expression of EBOV glycoprotein GP in HEK293T cells | [127] |
| Picornavirus (polio and entero) | Multiple cellular proteins | sgRNA library was used to identify cellular targets | [128] |
| Zika virus | AXL (attachment factor for ZIKV) | KO of AXL has no effect on ZIKV entry | [129] |
| Zika and Dengue virus | ER-localized signal peptidase SEC11 | Cavinafungin, an antiviral drug against Zika and Dengue viruses, inhibits signal peptidase and thereby inhibits virus replication | [130] |
| Genome-wide screen of host genes | AXL, NDST1, EXT, EMC and other cellular proteins are required for viral entry | [131] | |
| Flavivirus | Genome-wide screen of host genes | Reduce flavivirus infection: ER-associated signal peptide complex (SPCS1) | [132] |
| Alphaviruses | Cellular genes | Antiviral activity against alphaviruses (IFR3-STING pathway) | [133] |
| KSHV | Cellular protein SIRT1 | KO of SIRT1 reduced cell proliferation and colony formation of KSHV-transformed cells | [134] |
| Cellular Lipoxin A4 receptor (=ALX/FPR) | Effect on KSHV-mediated anti-inflammatory response | [135] | |
| RSV | Cellular IDO (indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase) | RSV regulates immune response of mesenchymal stem cells by upregulating expression of IDO | [136] |
| HCMV | Cellular protein kinase R | Viral replication | [137] |
| JCPyV | LTAg | Inhibition of LTAg expression inhibits viral replication | [138] |
| Sindbis virus | eIF2A or/and eIF2D | eIF2 KO HAF1 cells had no effect on translation of viral mRNA | [139] |