Figure 2.

Effects of COPD on diaphragm ultrastructure of rats. COPD induced significant ultrastructural changes in the diaphragm, including muscle fiber atrophy, anomalies in sarcomere arrangement, myofilament breaking and dissolution, mitochondrial swelling and vacuolization, cristae lysis, karyopyknosis and nuclear chromatin aggregation and margination, as well as nuclear membrane thickening, shrinkage and irregularities (magnification, ×5,000, ×10,000 or ×20,000). COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.