Fig. 3.

Effects of GPD and PF-GPD on inflammatory media PGE₂ and TNF-α and pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion in RAW 264.7 cells. Cells pretreated with indicated concentrations of GPD or PF-GPD for 2 h were stimulated without or with 1 μg/mL of LPS for 24 h. The indomethacin (indo, 0.5 μg/mL) or dexamethasone (DEX, 0.5 μg/mL) in 50 μL PBS were performed into positive control. PGE₂ (a), TNF-α (b), IL-1β (c), and IL-6 (d) in the culture media were measured by ELISA. ^##P < 0.01 compared with untreated group; ^*P < 0.05, ^**P < 0.01 compared with the LPS group