Table 4.

CNMs-, CNSMs- and NCs-based nanobiosensors.

Electrode	NMs/NSMs	NCs	Function	Assay type	Bioanalyte	LOD	Range	Ref
GCE	MWCNTs	MWCNTs-Cys-AuNPs	Signal amplification, reproducibility, stability, sensitivity and cost-effective	Direct	DPH	6.7 × 10−9 M	2 × 10−8–7.5 × 10−4 M	[72]
GCE	MWCNTs	MWCNT-Pt-luminol	ECL signal, sensitivity, fast analysis, stability and specificity	Label-free	CA19-9	0.00004 U mL−1	0.0001–10.0 U mL−1	[63]
GCW	MWCNTs	MWCNTs-Au	Signal amplification, selectivity, stability and low-cost	Direct	Bisphenol A	0.083 μM	0.25–100 μM	[61]
GCE	HCNTs	HCNTs-Polyallylamine hydrochloride (PAH)-CdSe QDs	Signal amplification, increased surface area, stability, sensitivity and excellent specificity	Direct	DA	0.2 × 10−9 M	1.0 × 10−9–2.0 × 10−5 M	[87]
GCE	Magnetic nanofibers/CNHs	CNHs	Excellent electrical conductivity, biocompatibility, large surface areas, variable porosity, amplified ECL, large antibody, acceptable precision, low detection limit, reproducibility and stability	Label-free	AFB1	0.02 ng mL−1	0.05–200 ng mL−1	[81]
GCE	MWCNTs	MWCNT-Pt-luminol	ECL signal, fast analysis, stability, reproducibility and specificity	Label-free	CA19-9	0.00004 U mL−1	0.0001–10.0 U mL−1	[85]
GCE	MWCNTs	nanoCo-MWCNTs	Sensitivity, economical and practical applications	Direct	Glucose	50 nM	0.5–600 μM	[86]
GCE	MWCNTs	MWCNTs-GO-Thi-Au	Enhancing ECL, high sensitivity and good selectivity	Enzymatic	Cholesterol	50 nM	0.15–828 µM	[73]
GCE	MWCNTs	GO/MWCNTs-COOH/Au@CeO2	High sensitivity, repeatability, accelerated electrons transfer, long-term stability and wide linear range	Label-free	CEA	0.02 ng mL−1	0.05–100 ng mL−1	[74]
ITO	MWCNTs	ABEI/GNDs/chitosan/COOH-MWCNTs	Strong and stable ECL signal, selectivity, stability and extremely high sensitivity	Label-free	NT-proBNP	3.86 fg mL−1	0.01–100 pg mL−1	[71]
GCE	MWCNTs	rGO/MWCNTs/AuNPs	Enhanced ECL signal intensity, high sensitivity, good reproducibility and repeatability	Direct	DA	0.067 µM	0.20–70 µM	[75]
GCE	GO	MWCNTs-GO-Thi-Au	Enhanced ECL, high sensitivity and excellent stability	Enzymatic	Cholesterol	50 nM	0.15–828 µM	[73]
GCE	GO	GO/MWCNTs-COOH/Au@CeO2	High sensitivity, accelerated electron transfer, selectivity and wide linear range	Label-free	CEA	0.02 ng mL−1	0.05–100 ng mL−1	[74]
GCE	GO	nanoFe3O4@GO	Good conductivity, magnetism, reproducibility and regeneration	Label-free	CA19-9	0.0005 U mL−1	0.001–5 U mL−1	[79]
GCE	rGO	rGO/MWCNTs/AuNPs	Enhanced ECL signal intensity, high sensitivity and repeatability	Direct	DA	0.067 µM	0.20–70 µM	[75]
GCE	rGO	Fe3O4 (Au-FrGO)	Increased ECL, specific surface area, biocompatibility, sensitive response, excellent stability and selectivity	Label-free	CEA	3.28 fg mL−1	0.01 pg mL−1–10 ng mL−1	[9]
GCE	rGO	(RGO)/Fe3O4/CdSe	Sensitivity, stability, excellent reproducibility and selectivity	Label-free	IL-6	0.65 pg mL−1	0.002–20 ng mL−1	[10]
GCE	GO	PtNFs/GO/GODx	High electrocatalytic activity, enhanced luminol ECL, reliability, high surface area, linear range and low detection limit	Direct	Glucose	2.8 μM	5–80 μM	[94]
QDs-SPE	CNOs	AuNPs@CNOs	High ECL, increased effective surface area for capturing and binding of antibodies, improved electron transmission rate, enhanced photon capture and highly sensitive	Label-free	β2M	1 fg mL−1	1 fg mL−1–100 ng mL−1	[7]
GCE	SWCNH	Aptamer/SWCNH	Quenching of ECL, sensitive, selective, simple, time-saving and cost-effective	Label-free	Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)	1 nM	5 nM–500 μM	[95]
GCE	OMCs	luminol-AgNPs@OMC	Fast, sensitive, specific, stable and reliable	Label-free	AFB1	50 fg mL−1	0.1 pg mL−1–50 ng mL−1	[62]