Table 1.
Anticancer Indications of Natural Products in Renal Cell Carcinoma.
| Natural Products | Sources | Possible Targets | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| EGCG | Green tea, plums, apple peel, onions | TFPI-2, TRAIL, c-FLIP, MCL-1, BCL-2, MMP-2/9, Cx32, Src, JNK signaling |
[28,36,37,43] |
| Englerin A | Phyllanthus engleri | AKT/ERK signaling, pathway, PKCθ, HSF1, TRPC4/5, E-cadherins, Vimentin, CD44, ALDH1A1 | [44,47,48,49,50,51,52,56] |
| Quercetin | Tea, onions, grapes, and apples | miRNA-27a, COMT, ZBTB10, Snail | [65,66] |
| Coumarin | Strawberry, sweet grass, Tonka beans, Lavender | Caspase-9, G2/M phase | [82,83,84,86] |
| Curcumin | Rhizomes of turmeric plant | BCL-2, BCL-XL, IAP, caspase 3, cytochrome c, PARP, DR5, PI3K/AKT and mTOR signaling pathways | [91,113,114,115,116,122,123,125,126] |
| Resveratrol | Grapes, red wines | VEGF, STAT3/5, BCL-2, BCL-XL, IAP1/2, survivin, COX-2, MMP2, TGF-β, IFN-γ, IL-6 and IL-10 | [133,135,136,137,138] |
| Honokiol | Magnolia spp. bark | RhoA/ROCK/MLC signaling pathways, miR-141, ZEB2, KISS-1, TIMP4, KISS-1R, TP53, CXCL12, CCL7, IL-18, and MMP7 | [145,146] |
| Genistein | Soybeans | VEGF, bFGF, BTG3, miR-1260b, sFRP1, Dkk2 and Smad4 | [151,152,153,154] |
| Sulforaphane | Broccoli | Nrf2, PGC1α, HIF1α | [155] |
| Amygdalin | apricots, peaches, apple, cherry, plums | integrin α and β, FAK | [162,163] |
| Thymoquinone | Black cumin | c-FLIP and Bcl-2 | [165] |
| Kahweol | Coffee beans | Mcl-1 and c-FLIP | [166] |
| Alpinumisoflavone | Erythrina lysistemon | miR-101/RLIP76 signaling | [167] |
| Clerodane diterpene | Polyalthia longifolia | Akt, mTOR, and MEK/ERK | [169] |
EGCG, Epigallocatechin-3-gallate; TFPI-2, tissue factor pathway inhibitor-2; TRAIL, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand; c-FLIP, FLICE-like inhibitory protein; McL-1, myeloid cell leukemia 1; Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma 2; MMP, matrix metalloproteinas; Cx32, connexin 32; JNK, Jun N-terminal protein kinase; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; PKCθ, protein kinase C theta; HSF1, heat sock factor 1; TRPC, transient receptor potential cation channel; ALDH1A1, Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A1; COMT, catechol-O-methyltransferase; ZBTB10, zinc finger and BTB domain-containing protein 10; IAP, inhibitor of apoptosis protein; PARP, poly ADP-ribose polymerase; DR5, death receptor 5; PI3K, phosphoinositide 2-kinase; mTOR, Mechanistic target of rapamycin; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor, STAT3/5, Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3/5; COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; TGF-β, transforming growth factor β; IFN-γ, interferon gamma; IL, interleukin; ROCK, Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase; MLC, myosin light chain; KISS1, Kisspeptin; TIMP4, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase 4; CXCL12, Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12; CCL7, Chemokine ligand 7; bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor; BTG3, B-cell translocation gene 3; sFRP1, Secreted frizzled-related protein 1; Dkk2, Dickkopf WNT Signaling Pathway Inhibitor 2; Smad4, Smad Family Member 4; Nrf2, Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2; PGC1α, proliferator-activated receptor-γ co-activator-1α; HIF1α, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α; FAK, focal adhesion kinase; c-FLIP, cellular FLICE (FADD-like IL-1β-converting enzyme)-inhibitory protein; RLIP76, Ral-interacting protein of 76 kDa.