Table 2.
Metabolic profile in diabetes and metabolic syndrome.
| Study | Sample (n) | Protocol | Key Findings |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sawada et al., 2016 [27] | IGM (107) | 1800 mg EPA daily vs. placebo, 6 months | Increased HDL (5.1%) and reduced fasting TG (−25.3%) No effect on HbA1c and FBG |
| Clark et al., 2016 [28] | IGM (36) | 2388 mg EPA + 1530 mg DHA daily vs. placebo, 9 months | Increased total protein disposal (9.6%) and endogenous whole-body protein turnover (10.4%) under insulin-stimulated conditions No effect on FBG, insulin, HOMA-IR. No effect on total glucose disposal during hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic-euaminoacidaemic clamp |
| Poreba et al., 2017 [29] | T2DM (74) | 1000 mg EPA + 1000 mg DHA daily vs. placebo, 3 months | No effect on insulin, HbA1c, adiponectin, leptin, and lipid levels |
| Toorang et al., 2016 [30] | T2DM (90) | 1548 mg EPA + 828 mg DHA daily vs. placebo, 2 months | Decreased HbA1c (−8.2%) |
| Farahbakhsh-Farsi et al., 2016 [31] | T2DM (45) | 310 mg EPA + 210 mg DHA daily vs. placebo, 10 weeks | Reduced retinol-binding protein 4 (−42.5%) |
| Veleba et al., 2015 [32] | T2DM (60) | 750 mg EPA and 2000 mg DHA + 15 mg Pio (or PLACEBO) daily vs. 15 mg Pio daily vs. PLACEBO, 24 weeks | Increased HbA1c (14.7%) and FBG (17.0%) No effect on TG, TC, HDL, LDL, NEFA, Leptin, Adiponectin |
| Dasarthy et al., 2015 [33] | T2DM with NASH (37) | 2160 mg EPA + 1440 mg DHA daily vs. placebo,48 weeks | Increased FBG (15.8%), HOMA (34.2%), and HbA1c (6.4%) No effect on TG, HDL and TC |
| Lee et al., 2014 [34] | MetS (59) | 3580 mg EPA + 2440 mg DHA daily vs. placebo, 8 weeks | Reduced TG (−16.0%) and HbA1c (−3.0%), increased insulin (29.8%) and HDL (7.1%) |
| Venturini et al., 2015 [35] | MetS (102) | 1800 mg EPA + 1200 mg DHA + 10 mL extra virgin oil (or PLACEBO) daily vs. 10 mL extra virgin oil daily vs. placebo, 90 days | No effect on TG, TC, HDL, LDL, FBG, insulin, HOMA-IR |
| Simao et al., 2014 [36] | MetS (65) | 1800 mg EPA + 1200 mg DHA + 29 g kinako (or PLACEBO) daily vs. 29 g kinako daily vs. placebo, 90 days | Decreased TG (−20.0%), increased TC (7.7%), LDL (18.6%), FBG (10.5%), fasting insulin (18.3%), and HOMA-IR (13.4%) No effect on HDL |
TG: triglycerides; HDL: high density lipoprotein; FBG: fasting blood glucose; TC: total cholesterol; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance; IGM: impaired glucose metabolism; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; NASH: non-alcoholic steathohepatytis; MetS: metabolic syndrome; LDL: low density lipoproteins; NEFA: non esterified fatty acids; HDL: high density lipoproteins.