Table 3.
Inflammation and oxidative stress in healthy, ageing and chronic renal failure.
| Author (Year) | Sample (n) | Treatment | Key Findings |
|---|---|---|---|
| Asztalos et al., 2016 [14] | Healthy (121) | 600 mg EPA vs. 1800 mg EPA vs. 600 mg DHA daily vs. placebo, 6 weeks | High dose EPA reduced Lp-PLA2 (−14.1%) No effect of low dose EPA or DHA |
| Muldoon et al., 2016 [37] | Healthy (261) | 1000 mg EPA + 400 mg DHA daily vs. placebo, 18 weeks | No effect on serum CRP and IL-6 |
| Flock et al., 2014 [38] | Healthy (125) | 300 mg EPA + DHA vs. 600 mg EPA + DHA vs. 900 mg EPA + DHA vs. 1800 mg EPA + DHA daily vs. placebo, 5 months | No dose-response effect on IL-6, TNF-α and CRP |
| Polus et al., 2016 [15] | Obese women (59) | 360 mg EPA and 1290 mg DHA daily vs. placebo, 3 months | Decreased sVCAM-1 (−4.1%), sPECAM-1 (−8.4%) and hsCRP (−20.3%) No effect on IL-6 |
| Bo et al., 2017 [39] | Elderly with mild cognitive impairment (86) | 720 mg EPA + 480 mg DHA daily vs. placebo, 6 months | Decreased IL-6 (−29.0%), TNF-α (−31.1%), and sPLA2 activity (−11.3%) No effect on IL-10, COX and LOX |
| Alves Luzia et al., 2015 [18] | Menopause women (74) | 540 mg EPA + 360 mg DHA + 400 mg vit E (or placebo) daily vs. placebo, 3 months | Increased TBARS (125%) |
| Moeinzadeh et al., 2016 [19] | Hemodialysis (52) | 540 mg EPA + 360 mg DHA daily vs. placebo, 6 months | Decreased VCAM (−37.5%) |
| Gharekhani et al., 2016 [21] | Hemodialysis (54) | 1080 mg EPA + 720 mg DHA daily vs. placebo, 4 months | No effect on CRP |
| Deger et al., 2016 [22] | Hemodialysis (20) | 1914 mg EPA + 957 mg DHA daily vs. placebo, 12 months | No effect on serum hsCRP and IL-6 |
| Gharekhani et al., 2014 [41] | Hemodialysis (54) | 1080 mg EPA + 720 mg DHA daily vs. placebo, 4 months | Increased IL10 to IL-6 ratio (48.5%), reduced IL-6 (−5.2%) |
| Asemi et al., 2016 [42] | Hemodialysis (120) | 1600 mg EPA + 300 mg DHA + 400 IU Alphatocopherol (or placebo) daily vs. placebo, 12 weeks | Increased NO (59.3%) and TAC (4.77%) No effect on albumin, hsCRP, GSH, and MDA |
| Barden et al., 2016 [43] | CKD (85) | 1840 mg EPA + 1520 mg DHA + 200 mg CoQ (or PLACEBO) daily vs. placebo, 8 weeks | Reduced F2-isoprostanes (−29.1%) |
| Naini et al., 2015 [24] | CAPD (40) | 540 mg EPA + 360 mg DHA daily vs. placebo, 2 months | No effect on CRP and IL-6 |
| Taheri et al., 2014 [25] | CAPD (90) | 540 mg EPA + 360 mg DHA daily vs. placebo, 8 weeks | No effect on SOD and GSH |
Lp-PLA2: lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2; IL-6: interleukin 6; IL-10: interleukin 10; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor α; hsCRP: high sensitive C reactive protein; VCAM: vascular cell adhesion molecule; PECAM: platelet and endothelial cell adhesion molecule; COX: cyclooxygenase; LOX: lypoooxigenase; TBARS: thiobarbituric acid substances; NO: nitric oxide; TAC: total antioxidant capacity; SOD: superoxide dismutase; GSH: glutathione peroxidase; MDA: malonyldialdehyde; CKD: chronic kidney disease; CAPD: chronic ambulatory peritoneal disysis.