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. 2018 Jan 11;19(1):225. doi: 10.3390/ijms19010225

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Dioxin inhibits the migratory capacity of MG-63 cells. (A) Dioxin-treated cells showed reduced migration across the wound space relative to DMSO-treated cells after 15 h; (B) Cell migration towards an FBS gradient was assessed in transwell assays. The presence of FBS in the lower chamber significantly increased the migration rate of DMSO-treated cells, whereas dioxin dose-dependently inhibited cell migration. Representative images of cells following migration towards an FBS gradient are shown; (C) mRNA expression levels of both CXCL12 and its receptor, CXCR4, were decreased in dioxin-treated cells, and CXCR4 protein expression was also decreased following dioxin exposure; (D) Dioxin significantly decreased the protein expression of total p38, active (phosphorylated) p38 (p–p38), total ERK1/2, and active (phosphorylated) ERK1/2 (p–ERK1/2). * p < 0.05 relative to 0 nM dioxin under standard or osteogenic conditions (A–D); (E) Dioxin inhibits cell adhesion/spreading, which was visualized by actin filament staining 40 min after release from cytochalasin D (cyto D) treatment. Rhodamine-bound F-actin is shown in red whereas nuclei are shown blue. Error bar means ± SEM.