Table 1.
Summary of pro-apoptotic effects of PS against cancer.
| Gene/Phenomena | Effect/Regulation | Pathway | Tumor Types/Model * | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Enhancement of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) signaling | ||||
| IRE-1, p53, ATF4, p-PERK, CHOP9 | up | ERS | NSCLC | [29] |
| Bcl-2 | down | ERS | HEC | [100] |
| PUMA, caspases 9, caspases12 | up | ERS | HEC | [100] |
| cell proliferation | down | ERS | bladder cancer | [101] |
| ROS generation | up | ERS-ROS | breast cancer prostate cancer |
[91,102,103,104] |
| antioxidant activity | up | ERS-ROS | pancreatic cancere sophageal cancer colon cancer |
[91,102,103,104] |
| Induction of autophagy | ||||
| chemotherapeutic effect | up | autophagy | lung cancer | [105] |
| enhance apoptosis | up | apoptosis | bladder cancer | [101] |
| cancer cell growth | down | apoptosis | A375, A549, MCF7, HT29 | [106] |
| autophagic cell death | up | autophagy | human oral cancer | [107] |
| Regulation of miRNA profiles | ||||
| miR-17, miR-20a, miR-106a, miR-106b | down | apoptosis | prostate cancer | [108] |
| PTEN | up | apoptosis | prostate cancer | [108] |
| miR663b | down | apoptosis/Bcl-2 | EC | [109] |
| Inhibiting the function of growth receptors | ||||
| AKT, ERK, AR | down | AKT/ERK | prostate cancer | [110] |
| ER-α36 | down | MAPK/ERK, PI3K/AKT | breast cancer | [111] |
| EGFR | down | apoptosis, autophagy | murine lung tumors | [112] |
| Affecting epigenetic pathway | ||||
| SIRT1 | down | DNA damage response, apoptosis | breast cancer | [113] |
| MAML2 | down | DNA damage response, apoptosis | breast cancer | [114] |
| MTA1 | down | p53 acetylation | prostate cancer | [115] |
* NSCLC, Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer; HEC, human esophageal cancer; EC, endometrial cancer.