Table 2.
Summary of nonapoptotic effects of PS against cancer.
| Gene/Phenomena | Effect/Regulation | Pathway | Tumor Types/Model * | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Effects in senescence induction | ||||
| hTERT | down | senescence | lung cancer | [119] |
| ATM/Chk2 | up | senescence | lung cancer | [119] |
| p53 | up | senescence | lung cancer | [119] |
| Effects against EMT | ||||
| Fas-induced EMT | down | ERK1/2, GSK3β/β-catenin | TNBC | [123] |
| Fas-associated death domain | down | FAK signaling | TNBC | [108,124] |
| TPA | down | PKC-dependent signaling | HCC | [32,125,126] |
| Effects against inflammation | ||||
| IL-1β, TNFα, iNOS, and COX-2 | down | inflammatory microenvironments | HT-29 | [127] |
| COX-2, iNOS, IL-6, and IL-1β | down | inflammatory | 3T3-L1 | [128] |
| Effects against cell migration and invasion | ||||
| cell migration | down | cell migration ability | human lung adenocarcinoma | [29] |
| p38 kinase | down | MMP-9 activity | MCF-7 | [129] |
| MMP-9 | down | migratory and invasive | MDA-MB-231, Hs578t | [108] |
| cell migration and invasion | down | Rac1/WAVE/Arp2/3 pathway | MDA-MB-231 | [130] |
| TPA-induced PI3K/Akt and protein kinase C | down | EMT- and MMP-9-mediated invasion, migration and metastasis | human hepatoma cell | [126] |
| IAP | down | NF-κB activation | malignant pancreas cell | [71,108] |
| Effects against cancer stemness | ||||
| CD133 | down | Wnt/β-catenin | lung cancer, glioblastoma, HCC, breast cancer |
[39,131,132], [133], [134], [135] |
| M2 macrophage | down | EMT-associated NF-κB/miR488 | breast cancer | [135] |
| MUC1, NF-κB, β-catenin | down | macrophage polarization and lung cancer cell stemness | lung cancer | [133] |
| Effects against polyFN assembly on CTCs | ||||
| ERK | down | PI3K/AKT signaling | LLC | [6,49,136] |
| Effects against the diminished circulating miR-17-92 cluster | ||||
| miR-17-92 | up | PTEN | prostate cancer | [137] |
* TNBC, triple-negative breast cancer; LLC, Lewis lung carcinoma; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma cells.