Skip to main content
. 2018 Jan 21;19(1):311. doi: 10.3390/ijms19010311

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Chondrosarcoma signaling. Several growth factor and cytokine regulated signaling pathways are activated in central chondrosarcomas (black arrows). FGFR1, integrins, ADIPOR, CCR5 and CXCR4 are all capable of MAPK-ERK and PI3K-AKT signaling induction leading to MMP, RANKL and VEGF transactivation. Moreover ADIPOR, CCR5 and CXCR4 activate NF-κB and p38 MAPK signaling. In addition, signaling regulation is obtained by adaptor proteins like CCN2, which binds VEGF, FGF2 and FGFR1 or coreceptors including CD44. Chondrosarcoma cells actively excrete FGF2 and VEGF (gray arrow), which promotes angiogenesis by attracting endothelial cells.