2-HG	R(−)-2-hydroyglutarate
α-KG	α-ketoglutarate
ABL	Abelson tyrosine protein kinase
AC	articular cartilage
ADIPOR	adiponectin receptor
ADSF	adipose tissue-specific secretory factor
AKT	v-Akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog
AMPK	AMP-activated protein kinase
AP-1	activator protein 1
ARF	alternative reading frame
ATO	arsenic trioxide
BCL-XL	B-cell lymphoma-extra large
CCL	C-C motif chemokine ligand
CCR	C-C motif chemokine receptor
CD	cluster of differentiation
CDK4	cyclin dependent kinase 4
CDKN2A	cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2A
COL2A1	collagen type II α 1 chain
COX-2	cyclooxygenase 2
CTGF	connective tissue growth factor
CXCL12	C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12
CXCR4	C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4
DHH	desert hedgehog
DDK1	dickkopf WNT signaling pathway inhibitor 1
ECM	extracellular matrix
ERK	extracellular signal-regulated kinase
ET-1	endothelin-1
ETS	avian erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog
FAK	focal adhesion kinase
FGF2	fibroblast growth factor
FGFR1	fibroblast growth factor receptor 1
FZD3	frizzled-3
GLI	glioma associated oncogene family
HDAC6	histone deacetylase 6
HES1	hairy and enhancer of split 1
HEY	hairy/enhancer-of-split related with YRPW motif
Hh	hedgehog
HIF-1α	hypoxia-inducible factor-1α
HLA-DR	human leukocyte antigen—antigen D related
HSC	hematopoietic stem cells
ICAM	intercellular adhesion molecule
IDH	isocitrate dehydrogenase
IGF	insulin like growth factor
IGF1R	insulin like growth factor 1 receptor
IHH	indian hedgehog
ISCT	International Society for Cellular Therapy
JAG1	jagged 1
JMJC	jumonjiC domain-containing
MAPK	mitogen activated protein kinase
MCL-1	myeloid cell leukemia sequence 1
MDM2	mouse double minute 2
MDR1	multidrug resistance protein 1
MEK	MAPK/ERK kinase
MMP	matrix metalloproteinases
MSC	mesenchymal stem cells
MSPC	mesenchymal stem and progenitor cells
mTOR	mammalian target of rapamycin
NADPH	nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
NF-κB	nuclear factor kappa B
NOTCH	notch homolog
OA	osteoarthritis
OPN	osteopontin
p70S6K	p70 S6 kinase
PDGFR	platelet derived growth factor receptor
PHD	prolyl hydroxylase
PI3K	phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
PIIBNP	collagen type IIB splice variant
PD-L1	programmed cell death ligand 1
PGP-1	phagocytic glycoprotein 1
PTCH1	patched 1
r	recombinant
RANKL	receptor activator of NF-κB ligand
RANTES	regulated upon activation, normally T-expressed, and presumably secreted
RB	retinoblastoma suspectibility protein
RET	rearranged during transfection
RGS16	regulator of G-protein signaling 16
RUNX2	runt related transcription factor 2
SHH	sonic hedgehog
SMO	smoothened
SNP	single nucleotide polymorphism
SOX	SRY-related HMG box-containing
STRO-1	stromal cell surface marker-1
SZ	superficial zone
TIE2	tyrosine kinase with Ig and EGF homology domains-2
TET	ten-eleven-translocation
VEGF	vascular endothelial growth factor
VEGFR	vascular endothelial growth factor receptor
WHO	World Health Organization
WIF1	WNT inhibitory factor 1
WNT	wingless-type MMTV integration site family