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. 2018 Jan 21;19(1):313. doi: 10.3390/ijms19010313

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© 2018 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Schematic diagram of deregulated frizzled (FZD) receptors in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is frequently activated in HCC. In terms of deregulated activation of FZD receptors, the underlying mechanism includes downregulation of sFRP1/2/5 as a result of DNA hypermethylation detected in HCC and upregulation of FZD receptors as a consequence of miRNA regulation, hepatitis B X protein (HBx) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) core protein involvement and overexpression of transcription factor Sox9. DVL, dishevelled; EMT, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition; FZD, frizzled; HBx, hepatitis B X protein; sFRPs, secreted frizzled-related proteins.