. 2018 Jan 18;18(1):284. doi: 10.3390/s18010284

Table 1.

Overview of lipid membrane nanosensors developed for environment monitoring.

Pollutant Class	Bioelement	Membrane System/Detection Method	Analytical Performance	Real Sample Analysis	Reference
carbamate pesticides: Carbofuran	calix[4]arene phosphoryl receptor	graphene nanosheets with incorporated lipid films/potentiometric	RT: 20 s	fruits and vegetables	[37]
carbamate pesticides: Carbofuran	calix[4]arene phosphoryl receptor		DL: 100 nM	fruits and vegetables	[37]
triazine herbicides: Atrazine	N/A	solventless BLMs doped with dipalmitoyl phosphatidic acid and platelet activating factor/electrochemical	RT: 55.6 ± 5.4 s	N/A	[49]
triazine herbicides: Atrazine	N/A		DL: 0.1 ppm	N/A	[49]
triazine herbicides: Simazine; Atrazine; Propazine	N/A	Filter supported BLMs doped with dipalmitoyl phosphatidic acid/electrochemical	RT: 34–50 s (simazine); 62–78 s (atrazine); 96–144 s (propazine)	N/A	[50]
triazine herbicides: Simazine; Atrazine; Propazine	N/A		DL: 18 ppb (simazine); 0.05 ppm (atrazine); 30 ppb (propazine)	N/A	[50]
triazine herbicides: Simazine; Atrazine; Propazine	N/A	Metal supported BLMs doped with dipalmitoyl phosphatidic acid/electrochemical	RT: 10 s	N/A	[18]
triazine herbicides: Simazine; Atrazine; Propazine	N/A		DL: 1 ppb (simazine); 15 ppb (atrazine); 30 ppb (propazine)	N/A	[18]
hydrazines: Hydrazine; Methylhydrazine; Dimethylhydrazine; Phenylhydrazine	N/A	Metal supported BLMs doped with ssDNA/electrochemical	RT: 18–20 s	N/A	[51]
	N/A	Metal supported BLMs doped with ssDNA/electrochemical	DL: 51.5 ppb (hydrazine); 0.005 ppb (methyl hydrazine); 0.02 ppb (dimethylhydrazine); 0.11 ppb (phenylhydrazine)	N/A	[51]
plant growth regulators: Naphthalene Acetic Acid	auxin-binding protein 1 receptor	graphene nanosheets with incorporated lipid films/potentiometric	RT: 5 min	fruits and vegetables	[39]
plant growth regulators: Naphthalene Acetic Acid	auxin-binding protein 1 receptor		DL: 10 nM	fruits and vegetables	[39]
toxins: Cholera toxin	ganglioside GM1	graphene nanosheets with incorporated lipid films/potentiometric	RT: 5 min	lake water samples	[40]
toxins: Cholera toxin	ganglioside GM1		DL: 1 nM	lake water samples	[40]
polychlorinated biphenyls: Arochlor 1242	sheep anti-PCB antibody	Filter supported polymerized lipid films doped with dipalmitoyl phosphatidic acid/electrochemical	RT: 45–55 s	N/A	[52]
polychlorinated biphenyls: Arochlor 1242	sheep anti-PCB antibody		DL: 10 nM	N/A	[52]
toxins: Saxitoxin	anti-STX receptor	graphene nanosheets with incorporated lipid films/potentiomeric	RT: 5–20 min	shellfish samples and lake water samples	[41]
toxins: Saxitoxin	anti-STX receptor		DL: 1 nM	shellfish samples and lake water samples	[41]
polyaromatic hydrocarbons	N/A	Fullurene spatially controlled LB fims/quartz crystal microbalance	Not reported	indoor air	[53]
volatile organic chlorides	N/A	Inkjet printed BLM from lipid droplets/electrochemical	RT: 1 min	underground water samples	[54]
volatile organic chlorides	N/A	Inkjet printed BLM from lipid droplets/electrochemical	DL: 10 ppb	underground water samples	[54]

RT: response time; DL: detection limit.