Table 2.
Characteristics of studies of barriers to accessing resources
| Author (year) | Mean age | Study design (data collection method) | Barriers to... | Person-level modifiers examined | System-level (including caregiver-related) modifiers examined | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic | Cultural | Psychosocial | Exp. with incarceration | Medical history | Mental history | |||||
| Studies of barriers to accessing or remaining in care | ||||||||||
| Burke-Miller (2006), Multiplea [69] | NS | Observational (interviews and examinations) | Engaging in care | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | None |
| Blackstock (2015), Multipleb [53] | 42 | Observational (interviews) | Engaging in care | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Transportation |
| Williams (2013), Multiplec [55] | 41 | Observational (survey) | Engaging in care | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Intensity of care services received in jail |
| Tello (2010), Maryland [41] | 46 | Observational (survey + focus groups) | Engaging in care; cancer screening | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Transportation, relationship with provider |
| Toth (2013), North Carolina [70] | 46 | Observational (interviews) | Engaging in care | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Transportation, financial, other logistical |
| Sevelius (2014), California [54] | NS | Observational (interviews + focus groups) | Engaging in care | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Provider/staff cultural competence, integrated transgender and /HIV care, confidentiality |
| Stevens (2009), Wisconsin [71] | 41 | Observational (interviews) | Engaging in care | No | No | No | No | No | No | Insurance, transportation, financial, provider turnover |
| Fletcher (2014), Texas [40] | 51 | Observational (focus groups) | Cervical cancer screening | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Transportation, wait times, scheduling |
| Quinlivan (2013), North Carolina [72] | 45 | Observational (interviews) | Engaging in care | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Navigating labs, transportation and parking, relationship with providers |
| Vyava-harkar (2008), South Carolina [73] | 44 | Observational (focus groups) | Engaging in care | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Relationship with provider |
| Pivnick (2010), New York [52] | 48 | Observational (interviews + focus groups) | Engaging in care | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | None |
| McDoom (2015), Massachusetts [74] | 57 | Observational (interviews) | Engaging in care | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | Relationship with provider |
| Kempf (2010), Alabama [75] | 46 | Observational (focus groups) | Retention in care | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Transportation, clinic hours, flexible scheduling |
| Kupprat 2009, New York [38] | 47 | Observational (chart review) | Engaging in care | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Unclear |
| Sarnquist 2011, California [76] | NS | Observational (interviews) | Engaging in care | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | No | Transportation, navigating healthcare system |
| Studies of barriers to other goals | ||||||||||
| Blackstock (2015), New York [42] | 50 | Observational (interviews) | Using the Web | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Place of medical care (clinic, private PCP vs healthcare for homeless, methadone clinic, visiting PCP) |
| Blackstock (2015), New York [43] | 49 | Observational (interviews) | Accessing Web-based social support | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | None |
| Cocohoba (2013), California [35] | NS | Observational (interviews) | Adhering to ART | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Privacy, pharmacy location, presence of drug-seeking or intoxicated pharmacy patrons, relationship with provider |
ART antiretroviral therapy, NS not stated
aNYC (NY), Washington (DC), Chicago (IL), LA and San Francisco (CA)
bBrooklyn (NY), Chicago (IL), LA (CA), Miami (FL), San Antonio (TX), Springfield (MA), Alabama (AL), (NC), Longview (TX)
cAtlanta (GA), Chester (PA), Chicago (IL), Cleveland (OH), Columbia (SC), New Haven (CT), New York city (NY), Philadelphia (PA), Providence (RI), Springfield (MA)