Table 2.

Studies selected for inclusion

#*	Country	Study type	Cohort size	Cohort discipline	Intervention	Comparison	Outcome assessed	Main findings
Cognitive skills
1	U.S.	Cross-sectional	85	Medicine	4-h workshop using SPs	Non-participants	Diagnosing domestic violence	Better performance
2	U.S.	Cross-sectional	263	Medicine	Curriculum involving SPs	Non-participants	Pain assessment and management skills	Better performance
3	Belgium	RCT (3-factor)	196	Medicine	Training session with SPs	Training with physicians or online training	Cognitive component of consultation skills	No improvement (cf. improvement in comparison group)
4	Canada	Cross-sectional	72	Occupational therapy & physiotherapy	Interaction with SPs	Watching videotapes	Treatment planning	Worse performance
Non-technical skills
5	U.S.	Longitudinal	143	Dentistry	Training session with SPs	-	Interpersonal communication skills	Improvement of performance
6	Turkey	Longitudinal	146	Medicine	Training session involving SPs	-	Breaking bad news	Improvement of performance
7	U.S.	Longitudinal	45	Medicine	2-h curriculum by SPs	-	Brief motivational interviewing skills	Improvement of performance
8	U.S.	Longitudinal	127	Pharmacy	Lecture-laboratory course with SPs	-	Communication skills	Improvement of performance
9	Germany	Cross-sectional	286	Medicine	2-h communication skills training session with SPs	Non-participants	Communication skills	Better performance
10	Germany	Cross-sectional	103	Medicine	Training session with SPs	Non-participants	Communication skills	Better performance
11	U.S.	Cross-sectional	38	Medicine	1-h session with SP	Non-participants	Breaking bad news	Better performance
12	U.S.	RCT	186	Medicine	4-h workshop using SPs	Non-participants	Interviewing and counselling skills	Better performance
13	U.S.	Cross-sectional	106	Medicine	Educational session involving SPs	Non-participants	Communication skills	Better performance
14	India	RCT	60	Dentistry	Training course involving SPs	Non-participants	Communication skills	Better performance
15	U.K.	RCT	24	Medicine	Hybrid simulation session with SPs	Small group tutorial	Communication skills	Better performance
16	Canada	RCT	32	Medicine	SP-session with feedback	SP-session without feedback	Communication skills	Better performance
17	U.S.	RCT	129	Nursing	Additional teaching sessions with SPs	Didactic lectures only	Interpersonal and therapeutic communication skills	No difference
18	Taiwan	RCT	26	Nursing	Instructional class with additional SP feedback and group discussion	Instructional class only	Communication skills	No difference
19	U.S.	RCT	93	Medicine	Role-play session with SPs	Session with student colleagues	Motivational interviewing skills	No difference
20	U.S.	Cross-sectional	72	Medicine	Practising with SPs	Role-playing with student colleagues	Smoking-cessation counselling skills	No difference
Cognitive and non-technical skills
21	U.S.	Cross-sectional	85	Medicine	4-h workshop using SPs	Non-participants	Sexual history and HIV counselling skills	Better performance
22	U.S.	Cross-sectional	183	Medicine	Workshop involving SPs	Non-participants	History taking and counselling skills	Better performance
Technical skills
23	U.S.	Cross-sectional	95	Medicine	Additional training session with SP	No additional session	Breast examination skills	Better performance
24	Belgium	Cross-sectional	102	Medicine	Training session with SP in a new curriculum	Non-participants	Urological and gynaecological examination skills	Better performance
25	U.S.	Cross-sectional	89	Medicine	Additional teaching with SPs	Traditional teaching only	Breast and abdominal examination skills	Better performance
26	U.S.	Cross-sectional	187	Medicine	Curriculum with additional SP session	Standard curriculum only	Neurological examination skills	Better performance
27	U.S.	Cross-sectional	244	Medicine	Teaching session with SPs	Breast-palpation simulator	Breast examination skills	Worse performance
Technical and cognitive skills
28	Canada	Cross-sectional	108	Nursing	Practice with SPs	Practice on student colleagues	History taking and examination skills	Better performance
29	U.S.	Cross-sectional	204	Medicine	Lecture with additional SP exercises	Lecture only	History taking and examination skills	Better performance
Technical and non-technical skills
30	Canada	Cross-sectional	82	Medicine	2-h teaching session by SP	Physician-led teaching	Interpersonal and musculoskeletal examination skills	No difference
Cognitive, technical and non-technical skills
31	U.S.	Longitudinal	622	Medicine	Curriculum involving SPs	-	History taking, communication and examination skills	Improvement of performance
32	U.S.	Cross-sectional	170	Medicine	Training session with SPs	Non-participants	Information gathering, communication and examination skills	Better performance
33	Canada	Cross-sectional	44	Nursing	Training session with SPs	Human simulators or community volunteers	History taking, communication and examination skills	Worse performance

*Authors corresponding to # in the Table 2

1. Haist et al. (2003)

2. Stevens et al. (2010)

3. Aper et al. (2012)

4. Liu et al. (1997)

5. Broder et al. (2006)

6. Dikici et al. (2009)

7. Martino et al. (2007)

8. Rickles et al. (2009)

9. Bachmann et al. (2013)

10. Bosse et al. (2012)

11. Colletti et al. (2001)

12. Feddock et al. (2009)

13. Lorin et al. (2006)

14. Sangappa et al. (2013)

15. Siassakos et al. (2010)

16. Moulton et al. (2009)

17. Becker et al. (2006)

18. Lin et al. (2013)

19. Mounsey et al. (2006)

20. Papadakis et al. (2009)

21. Haist et al. (2004)

22. Hoellein et al. (2009)

23. Barrett et al. (2002)

24. Hendrickx et al. (2009)

25. Sachdeva et al. (1997)

26. Safdieh et al. (2011)

27. Schubart et al. (2012)

28. Bornais et al. (2012)

29. Fletcher et al. (2004)

30. Oswald et al. (2011)

31. Supiano et al. (2007)

32. Sutin et al. (2011)

33. Luctkar-Flude et al. (2012)