Table 3. Treatment resistant versus treatment responder studies.

ACC – anterior cingulate cortex; CNR – clozapine non responder; dMPFC – dorsomedial prefrontal cortex; MFG - Middle frontal gyrus; nAVH – individuals not experiencing auditory halluccinations PCC – posterior cingulate cortex. PCG – post central gyrus, RS – responders to non-clozapine antipsychotics. STG – superior temporal gyrus. Superior frontal gyrus. SMG – supramarginal gyrus. TG – temporal gyrus,TR – treatment resistant. vMPFC – ventromedial prefrontal cortex.

Authors	Year	Modality	Effect of interest	Effect size
Anderson et al.	2015	Structural MRI	↓ global GM in TR/CNR	0.84 (TR vs R)
			↓GM in TR vs R: in TG, PCG, MFG, SFG, SMG gyrus and lateral occipital cortex
			↓GM CNR vs R: in right parietal operculum and left cerebellum
			TR vs CNR: no significant differences
Kubera et al.	2014	Structural MRI	↓GM in TR-AVH compared to nAVH across a structural network involving predominantly medial frontal, orbitofrontal and superior temporal regions.
Lawrie et al.	1995	Structural MRI	↓Whole brain volume in TRS	0.41 (ns)
			↓Right temporal lobe volume in TR	0.46 (ns)
Mitelman et al.	2005	Structural MRI	↓GM in posterior cingulate and retrosplenial cortices in TR
Molina et al.	2008a	Structural MRI and EEG	↓GM at baseline in TR	Frontal: 0.87
				Occipital: 0.81
			↑ WM at baseline in TRS	Frontal: 1.13
				Parietal: 1.35
				Occipital: 1.43
			↑ in GM longitudinally in TR compared to R	Frontal: 1.95
				Parietal: 2.11
				Occipital: 1.81
			↓in WM longitudinally in TR compared to R	Frontal: 1.18
				Parietal: 1.65
				Occipital: 1.22
Quaranatelli et al.	2014	Structural MRI	↓ GM in TR at left PCG and SFG (dorsolateral); and bilateral middle frontal gyrus.
Zugman et al.	2013	Structural MRI	↓ GM in DLPFC in TR
Alonso-Solis et al.	2015	MRI- Resting state	↓ FC in TR between dMPFC: and central opercular cortex, insular cortex, precentral gyrus and STG; and between the temporal pole: and cerebellum. ↓ FC in TR between vMPFC: and paracingulate cortex, ACC, and subcallosal cortex; and between hippocampal formation and: PCC, and precuneus complex.
Wolf et al.	2012	MRI – Arterial spin labelling	↑ rCBF in TR-AVH compared to nAVH in the left STG and right SMG, TPC.
Bartlett et al.	1998	FDG PET (haloperidol challenge)	↓ Whole brain metabolic rate in TR	1.2
			↓ Left DLPFC metabolic rate in TR	1.05
			↓ Right DLPFC metabolic rate in TR	0.87
			↓ Left Temporal Cortex metabolic rate in TR	1.19
Demjaha et al.	2012	F-DOPA PET	↓ whole striatum dopamine synthesis capacity in TR	1.11
			↓ associative subdivion dopamine synthesis capacity in TR	1.31
			↓ limbic subdivision dopamine synthesis capacity in TR	1.04
			sensorimotor subdivision (ns)
Lawrie et al.	1995	99mTc-HMPAO SPECT	No significant differences in perfusion between TR and R.
Goldstein et al.	2015	1H-MRS	TR shows ↑ and CNR shows ↑↑ Glx/CR in DLPFC	3.99 (CNR vs R)
			↑ Glx/Cr in TR (clozapine responders) compared to R and CNR in putamen.	3.31(TR vs R)
				4.00 (TR vs CNR)
Demjaha et al.	2014	1H-MRS	↑ anterior cingulate glutamate in TR compared to R	0.70 (ns)
Lee et al.	2006	EEG	↑ Beta1 in TR	0.61
			↑ Beta2 in TR	0.69
			gamma-beta2 and beta3 correlation in TRS but not RS in posterior and anterior electrodes	range of r=0.42-0.61
Lee et al.	2008	EEG	↑ gamma frequency in TR at D2 (i.e. more chaotic) in right frontal electrode Fp2	0.58
			↓ beta frequency in TR at D2 (i.e. less chaotic) in left parietal electrode P3	0.7
Molina et al.	2008a	EEG	TR have ↓ P300 amplitude	0.53 (ns)
Ramos et al.	2001	EEG	TR have ↓ temporal alpha2, ↓ temporal beta1, ↓ temporal beta2, ↑ occipital beta2
			TRS have ↑ intrahemispheric correlation in Fp2-F4
			TRS have↓ intrahemispheric correlation between F8-T4