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. 2018 Feb 2;13(2):e0191526. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191526

Table 1. Summary of woodpecker specimens studied.

Species Name Location Found Gallyas Silver Stain Immunohistochemistry
Picoides pubescens St. Clair, MI Negative
Picoides pubescens Monroe, MI Thread-like axonal streaks superficial and deep with tangles. Silver staining surrounding a few neuronal somas as well as dot-like deposits.
Picoides pubescens Ann Arbor, MI Thread-like axonal streaks superficially, with no tangles found. Perivascular deposits in superficial cortex Anti-phospho-tau positive, thread-like streaks in an organized fashion, analogous location to the streaks seen in the silver stain of this specimen. Anti-GFAP positive star-like and tufted astrocytes.
Sphyrapicus varius (Juvenile) Fairfield, ME Thread-like axonal streaks superficially with dot-like deposits. No tangles or perivascular deposits.
Picoides pubescens Harvard, MA Negative
Picoides pubescens Vienna, VA Thread-like axonal streaks superficially with dot-like deposits. No tangles or perivascular deposits.
Picoides pubescens Boston, MA Localized axonal streaks at a superficial depth, limited deep streaks found. Focal perivascular as well as dot-like deposits.
Phloeceatstes guatemalensis Mexico Thread-like axonal streaks superficially and deep with no tangles. Numerous perivascular and dot-like deposits in superficial cortex. Negative
Colaptes auratus Lincoln, MA Thread-like axonal streaks superficially and deep with no tangles or perivascular deposits.
Dryocopus lineatus Canada Thread-like axonal streaks superficially and deep with no tangles. Extensive perivascular and dot-like deposits in superficial cortex. Anti-phospho-tau positive, thread like streaks deep in an organized, thread-like fashion, similar location to the streaks seen in the silver stain of this specimen. Anti-GFAP positive star-like and tufted astrocytes.