Table 1.

Types of Exercise that May Prevent OP and Its Associated Fractures. A Summary Outlining the Results of the Studies Reviewed.

Reference	Study Design and Exercise Duration	Participants	Type of Exercise Performed	Outcomes and Conclusions
Watson et al. (2015)15	RCT Duration: Twice weekly for 30 minutes	28 postmenopausal females with low bone mass Age: 66.1±4.8 years	Two groups: Group 1: Brief and supervised HiPRT (includes balancing, weight lifting, and impact loading) Group 2: Low-intensity home-based exercise program	Increased height, improved functional performance, improved femoral neck and lumbar spine BMD in Group 1 compared to Group 2 HiPRT is a “safe and effective exercise therapy” for participants
Wayne et al. (2012)16	RCT Duration: 9 months of TC training	86 postmenopausal osteopenic women Age: 45–70 years	TC training	Increase in bone formation markers and femoral neck BMD Suggests longer-duration study to support findings
Kitagawa and Nakahara (2008)17	Cross-sectional design Duration: 7 consecutive days	113 postmenopausal women Age: 60–85 years	Low-impact exercise: Walking	Increase in bone stiffness Decrease in urinary DPD Walking may “preserve bone health in elderly women”
Heinonen et al. (1996)18	RCT Duration: 3 times per week for 18 months	98 premenopausal, sedentary females Age: 35–45 years	Progressive high-impact exercises	Significant increase in femoral neck BMD Studies required to determine if results are sustained long-term

Organized by date: most recent to oldest.

BMD, bone mineral density; DPD, deoxypyridinoline; HiPRT, high-intensity progressive resistance training; RCT, randomized control trials; TC, T’ai-Chi.