Table S2.
Age-adjusted incidence rate ratios (95% CI) for AKI in risk periods after acute infections, stratified by ACEI/ARB or CCB exposure, time-updated diabetes mellitus, cardiac failure and loop diuretic exposure, and baseline renal function
| Urinary tract infection
|
Lower respiratory tract infection
|
Gastroenteritis
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of cases | IRR (95% CI) | No. of cases | IRR (95% CI) | No. of cases | IRR (95% CI) | No. of cases | IRR (95% CI) | No. of cases | IRR (95% CI) | No. of cases | IRR (95% CI) | |
| Antihypertensive drug prescribed at baseline | (n=2,012, p =0.021) | (n=2,831, p=0.784) | (n=651, p 0.879) | |||||||||
| Non-ACEI/ARB (n=470) | ACEI/ARB (n=1,542) | Non-ACEI/ARB (n=551) | ACEI/ARB (n=2,280) | Non-ACEI/ARB (n=108)) | ACEI/ARB (n=543) | |||||||
| Baseline period | 369 | Reference | 1,209 | Reference | 420 | Reference | 1,864 | Reference | 76 | Reference | 383 | Reference |
| Days after infection: | ||||||||||||
| 1–7 | 33 | 7.37 (5.06, 10.72) | 105 | 10.04 (8.16, 12.37) | 30 | 6.33 (4.30, 9.33) | 97 | 5.95 (4.82, 7.34) | 14 | 35.43 (19.21, 65.33) | 74 | 45.22 (34.62, 59.07) |
| 8–14 | 13 | 2.59 (1.47, 4.55) | 56 | 4.68 (3.56, 6.17) | 19 | 3.60 (2.24, 5.79) | 54 | 2.92 (2.22, 3.85) | <5a | 4.39 (1.06, 18.21) | 15 | 8.07 (4.77, 13.64) |
| 15–28 | 20 | 2.10 (1.32, 3.33) | 68 | 2.96 (2.30, 3.81) | 17 | 1.73 (1.05, 2.85) | 69 | 1.94 (1.52, 2.49) | <5a | 4.80 (1.72, 13.40) | 16 | 4.43 (2.66, 7.37) |
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| Diabetes mellitus | (n=2,012, p <0.0001) | (n=2,831, p<0.0001) | (n=651, p <0.0001) | |||||||||
| No DM (n=1,251) | DM (n=761) | No DM (n=1,815) | DM (n=1,016) | No DM (n=385) | DM (n=266) | |||||||
| Baseline period | 981 | Reference | 579 | Reference | 1,432 | Reference | 852 | Reference | 255 | Reference | 204 | Reference |
| Days after infection: | ||||||||||||
| 1–7 | 85 | 9.03 (7.16, 11.38) | 53 | 9.87 (7.35, 13.25) | 88 | 6.25 (5.00, 7.81) | 39 | 5.69 (4.09, 7.93) | 59 | 50.32 (37.08, 68.30) | 29 | 35.91 (23.66, 54.52) |
| 8–14 | 44 | 4.11 (3.02, 5.61) | 25 | 4.07 (2.70, 6.13) | 55 | 3.48 (2.64, 4.58) | 18 | 2.29 (1.43, 3.68) | <5a | 10.44 (6.02, 18.09) | <5a | 3.29 (1.04, 10.39) |
| 15–28 | 45 | 2.20 (1.62, 2.98) | 43 | 3.63 (2.63, 5.01) | 58 | 1.93 (1.48, 2.53) | 28 | 1.85 (1.26, 2.71) | 12 | 4.66 (2.59, 8.41) | 8 | 4.33 (2.10, 8.94) |
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| Cardiac failure | (n=2,012, p <0.0001) | (n=2,831, p<0.0001) | (n=651, p <0.0001) | |||||||||
| No CF (n=1,362) | CF (n=650) | No CF (n=1,653) | CF (n=1,178) | No CF (n=456) | CF (n=195) | |||||||
| Baseline period | 1,045 | Reference | 533 | Reference | 1,337 | Reference | 947 | Reference | 303 | Reference | 156 | Reference |
| Days after infection: | ||||||||||||
| 1–7 | 90 | 9.63 (7.69, 12.05) | 48 | 9.61 (6.95, 13.28) | 72 | 6.70 (5.25, 8.55) | 55 | 5.16 (3.85, 6.92) | 71 | 55.65 (42.15, 73.48) | 17 | 23.40 (13.48, 40.63) |
| 8–14 | 51 | 4.80 (3.60, 6.40) | 18 | 3.13 (1.92, 5.10) | 36 | 2.95 (2.11, 4.13) | 37 | 2.95 (2.08, 4.17) | 11 | 7.53 (4.09, 13.86) | 6 | 7.06 (3.01, 16.54) |
| 15–28 | 65 | 3.18 (2.46, 4.12) | 23 | 1.98 (1.28, 3.08) | 5 | 1.93 (1.43, 2.61) | 41 | 1.63 (1.17, 2.27) | 16 | 5.72 (3.43, 9.56) | <5a | 2.22 (0.80, 6.19) |
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| Loop diuretic exposure | (n=2,012, p =0.680) | (n=2,831, p<0.0001) | (n=651, p =0.053) | |||||||||
| Time unexposed (n=1,429) | Time exposed (n=583) | Time unexposed (n=1,890) | Time exposed (n=941) | Time unexposed (n=466) | Time exposed (n=185) | |||||||
| Baseline period | 1,117 | Reference | 461 | Reference | 1,537 | Reference | 747 | Reference | 323 | Reference | 136 | Reference |
| Days after infection: | ||||||||||||
| 1–7 | 93 | 9.00 (7.22, 11.23) | 45 | 9.98 (7.23, 13.79) | 86 | 6.77 (5.41, 8.48) | 41 | 4.88 (3.52, 6.76) | 65 | 48.53 (36.43, 64.65) | 23 | 32.09 (19.81, 51.99) |
| 8–14 | 52 | 4.39 (3.30, 5.83) | 27 | 3.37 (2.05, 5.53) | 41 | 2.87 (2.09, 3.93) | 32 | 3.36 (2.33, 4.83) | 13 | 8.41 (4.78, 14.80) | <5a | 5.05 (1.83, 13.90) |
| 15–28 | 63 | 2.72 (2.09, 3.53) | 25 | 2.72 (1.79, 4.12) | 51 | 1.82 (1.37, 2.42) | 35 | 2.00 (1.41, 2.83) | 12 | 3.80 (2.11, 6.83) | 8 | 5.89 (2.82, 12.30) |
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| Baseline renal function | (n=1,337, p | =0.213) | (n=1,797, | p=0.942) | (n=427, p | =0.054) | ||||||
| eGFR ≥60 (n=737) | eGFR <60 (n=600) | eGFR ≥60 (n=1,096) | eGFR <60 (n=701) | eGFR ≥60 (n=280) | eGFR <60 (n=147) | |||||||
| Baseline period | 1,122 | Reference | 456 | Reference | 1,737 | Reference | 547 | Reference | 350 | Reference | 109 | Reference |
| Days after infection: | ||||||||||||
| 1–7 | 91 | 9.53 (7.62, 11.91) | 47 | 8.84 (6.45, 12.12) | 91 | 6.02 (4.84, 7.48) | 36 | 6.05 (4.26, 8.59) | 75 | 52.51 (40.16, 68.66) | 13 | 20.40 (11.07, 37.60) |
| 8–14 | 47 | 4.32 (3.20, 5.82) | 22 | 3.65 (2.35, 5.65) | 52 | 3.04 (2.29, 4.02) | 21 | 3.15 (2.01, 4.92) | 11 | 6.76 (3.68, 12.42) | 6 | 8.25 (3.53, 19.27) |
| 15–28 | 56 | 2.69 (2.04, 3.54) | 32 | 2.76 (1.90, 3.99) | 58 | 1.76 (1.35, 2.30) | 28 | 2.24 (1.52, 3.32) | 17 | 5.41 (3.29, 8.89) | <5a | 2.17 (0.68, 6.96) |
Notes: The numbers of participants exposed to each type of infection are shown in parentheses for each exposure (and for each stratum for stratifying variables). These include a small number who had a recorded AKI event on the day of infection exposure that was not included in the analysis, because the events may have been recorded retrospectively. Incidence during the baseline period served as the reference category. Note that the number of cases during each baseline time and each risk period will not add up to the total number of cases in each analysis, as events on the day of infection and the 7 days before are not included in this table. Results are from five separate regression models for each infection; each model contains an interaction between the exposure (baseline time or risk periods following infection) and the stratifying variable (eg, diabetes).
Cell counts <5 suppressed. Age-adjusted in the following age bands: 18–44, 45–54, 55–59, 60–64, 65–69, 70–74, 75–84, 85–89, and 90+ years. All p-values are for interaction terms (from likelihood ratio tests comparing main analysis with analysis including interactions with one of the following: antihypertensive drugs prescribed at baseline, diabetes mellitus, cardiac failure, loop diuretic use, or baseline renal function; p-values in bold are <0.05.
Abbreviations: ACEI/ARB, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker; AKI, acute kidney injury; CCB, calcium channel blocker; CF, cardiac failure; DM, diabetes mellitus; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; IRR, incidence rate ratio.