Figure 2.

Between-person (top) and within-person (bottom) components of Model B. Nonsignificant direct effects are shown with dashed gray lines, significant direct effects are shown in solid black lines, and significant indirect effects are shown by heavy black lines. Within-variable covariances for growth factors were estimated and gender and income-to-needs were controlled (not shown). The within-person diagram is simplified and shows only the general pattern of associations across grades; the one significant cross-lagged association between teacher-reported externalizing behavior in kindergarten and teacher-child conflict in grade 1 is omitted.