Table 5. Other molecular targeted therapies for brain metastasis in non-small lung cancer.

Drug (trade names)	Molecular targets	Targeted mutated sites in NSCLC	Status	Treatment strategies for BM in NSCLC	Mechanisms of drug resistance
Dabrafenib (Tafinlar)	в-Raf	BRAF V600E/K-mutant	FDA approved	Combination with trametinib (BRAF V600-positive)	Overexpression of PDGFRB, NRAS mutation
Vemurafenib (Zelboraf)	в-Raf	BRAF V600E/K-mutant	FDA approved	Combination of dabrafenib and trametinib	Overexpression of PDGFRB, second NRAS mutation
Cabozantinib (Cabometyx)	c-Met, VEGFR-2, AXL, RET	RET fusion-positive	FDA granted orphan drug status	Combination with everolimus	None reported
Bevacizumab (Avastin)	VEGF-A	VEGF positive	FDA approved	Combination with carboplatin/paclitaxel	VEGF-D, VEGF-C
Ramucirumab (Cyramza)	VEGFR-2	VEGFR positive	FDA approved	Combination with carboplatin/paclitaxel	VEGFR-2 mutant
Nivolumab (Opdivo)	PD-1	BRAF mutant	FDA approved	Combination with ipilimumab	No reports
Pembrolizumab (Keytruda)	PD-1	PD-L1 overexpression, no mutations in EGFR or in ALK	FDA approved	Pembrolizumab	No reports
Atezolizumab (Tecentriq)	PD-L1	Cytotoxic T-cells	FDA approved	Atezolizumab	No reports
Ipilimumab (Yervoy)	CTLA-4	Cytotoxic T lymphocytes	FDA approved	Combination with carboplatin	No reports

NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; BM, brain metastases; VEGFR-2, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; PD-1, programmed cell death protein 1; PD-L1, Programmed death-ligand 1; EGFR: epidermal growth factor receptor; ALK, anaplastic lymphoma kinase; CTLA-4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4.