Figure 3. The relationship between β-catenin and immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment.

Cancer cells can induce relevant immunosuppressive molecules and cells, such as TGF-β, IL-10, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), Tregs, and regulatory DCs. They can inhibit T cells, which have toxic effects on cancer cells. Also, cancer-intrinsic β-catenin signaling can decrease T-cell infiltration. β-catenin also helps cancer cells secrete immunosuppressive molecules.