Table 1.
Comparison of exposure effects between reference and GPF exhaust in EC monocultures and cocultures.
| Reference | GPF | p-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Flow cytometry measurement | |||||
| Cytotoxicity (% dead EC) | MC | 1.04 [1.02–1.06] | 1.04 [1.02–1.06] | 0.49 | |
| CC | 0.96 [0.92–1.02] | 0.99 [0.92–1.13] | 0.28 | ||
| EC surface markers (MFI) | MICA/B | MC | 1.05 [0.82–1.52] | 1.27 [1.06–2.53] | 0.49 |
| CC | 0.96 [0.45–1.83] | 1.56 [0.74–2.59] | 0.38 | ||
| ULBP2/5/6 | MC | 1.21[0.84–1.64] | 1.27 [1.03–2.03] | 0.69 | |
| CC | 0.83 [0.63–1.16] | 1.25 [0.85–1.69] | 0.25 | ||
| ULBP3 | MC | 1.01 [0.82–1.36] | 1.17 [0.98–3.11] | 0.49 | |
| CC | 0.91 [0.48–1.26] | 1.23 [0.75–2.00] | 0.25 | ||
| CD183 | MC | 0.93 [0.86–1.00] | 097 [0.75–1.50] | >0.99 | |
| CC | 1.01 [0.72–1.42] | 1.06 [0.71–1.11] | >0.99 | ||
| DNA damage (MFI) | MC | 1.34 [1.24–1.46] | 0.85 [0.72–0.94] | *0.03 | |
| CC | 0.88 [0.68–1.01] | 0.97 [0.71–1.05] | 0.63 | ||
| Quantitative real-time RT-PCR | |||||
| MICA | MC | 0.74 [0.69–1.86] | 1.12 [0.76–1.31] | 0.37 | |
| CC | 1.13 [0.86–1.28] | 0.83 [0.48–1.21] | 0.13 | ||
| ULBP2 | MC | 1.21 [0.90–2.36] | 1.21 [1.09–1.33] | >0.99 | |
| CC | 1.20 [1.12–1.27] | 1.08 [0.74–1.13] | 0.25 | ||
| ULBP3 | MC | 1.12 [0.62–1.47] | 1.14 [0.86–1.51] | 0.83 | |
| CC | 1.15 [0.88–1.36] | 0.84 [0.55–0.93] | 0.25 | ||
| IL-8 | MC | 1.22 [0.87–2.39] | 1.00 [0.80–1.66] | 0.68 | |
| CC | 1.39 [1.12–1.89] | 1.01 [0.73–1.12] | 0.88 | ||
| IP-10 | MC | 1.39 [1.01–2.14] | 1.08 [0.47–1.27] | 0.34 | |
| CC | 1.21 [0.94–1.29] | 1.47 [1.02–1.73] | 0.38 | ||
| Protein release (ELISA) | |||||
| IL-8 (basolateral) | MC | 1.22 [1.18–1.38] | 1.20 [1.10–1.96] | >0.99 | |
| £ CC | 0.78 [0.59–0.89] | 1.00 [0.79–1.02] | 0.13 | ||
| IL-8 (apical) | MC | 1.06 [0.94–1.19] | 1.45 [0.85–1.81] | 0.63 | |
| £ CC | 0.65 [0.51–0.85] | 0.86 [0.70–1.02] | 0.13 | ||
| IP-10 (basolateral) | MC | 1.18 [1.04–1.31] | 0.89 [0.78–1.11] | 0.11 | |
| £ CC | 0.82 [0.30–1.05] | 0.87 [0.75–0.92] | 0.63 | ||
| IP-10 (apical) | MC | 0.98 [0.95–1.52] | 0.77 [0.56–1.29] | 0.17 | |
| £ CC | 0.83 [0.71–0.98] | 0.86 [0.64–1.10] | 0.63 | ||
| Colorimetric assay | |||||
| Oxidative Stress (GSH/total protein) | MC | 1.12 [0.94–1.21] | 0.97 [0.85–1.27] | 0.69 | |
| # CC | 1.04 [0.87–1.16] | 0.96 [0.90–1.15] | 0.88 | ||
Data are normalized to corresponding air controls (resulting in 1 = no effect). Values are presented as median [range]. #Includes ECs and NKs. £Includes protein released from ECs and NKs. Data from EC monocultures were analyzed by Mann-Whitney test; data from cocultures by Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Abbreviations: CC, coculture; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; GSH, glutathione; MC, monoculture; MFI, mean fluorescence intensity.