Table 2.
Demographic Variables and Neuropsychological Test Scores Across Training Order Groups
| GP-TQ training order | TQ-GP training order | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Baseline | Game training | Trivia questions | Baseline | Trivia questions | Game training |
| Age (years) | 52.7 (2.4) | — | — | 52.1 (3.4) | — | — |
| Education (years) | 14.1 (1.2) | — | — | 13.3 (1.5) | — | — |
| Sex (M:F) | 2:5 | — | — | 3:4 | — | — |
| WASI: FSIQ-2 | 112.4 (7.3) | — | — | 113.3 (9.4) | — | — |
| Executive attention composite | 223.9 (14.6) | 242.3 (17.4) | 232.1 (18.1) | 212.6 (16.1) | 211.9 (28.2) | 222.0 (25.1) |
| TMT-A | 53.1 (5.0) | 57.1 (7.5) | 54.7 (4.2) | 51.6 (6.5) | 50.9 (8.6) | 51.4 (13.6) |
| TMT-B | 55.9 (6.1) | 63.1 (5.4) | 58.4 (10.3) | 52.3 (12.9) | 55.1 (16.5) | 57.6 (9.1) |
| WASI: matrix reasoning | 59.4 (4.2) | 60.1 (5.3) | 61.7 (4.3) | 59.3 (3.5) | 55.9 (9.8) | 59.1 (5.7) |
| Letter (FAS) fluency | 55.4 (14.4) | 61.9 (14.4) | 57.3 (12.0) | 49.4 (8.8) | 50.0 (6.1) | 53.9 (10.7) |
| Verbal memory composite | 71.9 (14.1) | 80.43 (16.4) | 87.6 (14.7) | 76.1 (9.3) | 83.9 (9.4) | 88.7 (20.6) |
| HVLT—immediate | 37.0 (8.3) | 41.9 (7.6) | 44.1 (7.0) | 40.6 (5.6) | 43.4 (5.7) | 45.3 (11.6) |
| HVLT—delayed | 34.9 (8.2) | 38.6 (10.0) | 43.4 (8.7) | 35.6 (7.9) | 40.4 (6.7) | 43.3 (9.5) |
| Nonverbal associative learning and memory composite | 130.9 (15.3) | 109.7 (8.5) | 126.6 (22.0) | 119.9 (10.9) | 115.0 (15.1) | 124.3 (16.1) |
| BVMT—immediate | 47.4 (7.6) | 36.9 (6.0) | 43.7 (10.9) | 40.4 (9.4) | 37.4 (7.6) | 40.1 (9.2) |
| BVMT—delayed | 45.1 (9.6) | 36.4 (4.7) | 44.4 (10.1) | 42.9 (3.9) | 40.4 (9.3) | 47.1 (9.3) |
| WAIS: digit symbol copy | 38.3 (5.3) | 36.4 (4.4) | 38.4 (6.4) | 36.6 (4.7) | 37.1 (4.8) | 37.0 (6.3) |
| Attention/language composite | 99.3 (17.0) | 111.3 (25.3) | 103.3 (13.6) | 102.7 (10.0) | 103.6 (12.0) | 103.4 (13.8) |
| WAIS: digit span total | 55.4 (7.8) | 55.9 (8.2) | 57.0 (4.9) | 54.7 (8.5) | 54.6 (8.0) | 57.4 (8.0) |
| Category (animal) fluency | 43.9 (14.4) | 55.4 (20.1) | 46.3 (10.2) | 48.0 (6.0) | 49.0 (9.0) | 46.0 (7.1) |
| Emotional functioning | ||||||
| HADS-anxiety | 6.6 (2.9) | 3.0 (0.8) | 3.6 (2.2) | 6.4 (2.4) | 5.4 (2.2) | 3.4 (2.1) |
| HADS-depression | 1.7 (2.1) | 1.3 (1.8) | 2.1 (2.3) | 3.4 (2.2) | 3.1 (2.1) | 2.4 (2.6) |
All neuropsychological test data represent standardized T scores (education and/or age corrected), with composite scores reflecting the sum of T scores associated with that factor.
BVMT, Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised (forms 2, 3, and 4); HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (raw score out of 21); GP, game playing; HVLT, Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (forms 2, 3, 4); TMT, Trail Making Test (versions 1 and 2); TQ, trivia questions; WAIS, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition; WASI: FSIQ-2, estimated full-scale IQ score, two-subtest form Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence.