Table 1.
The associations between pathogen or commensal and autoimmune disease
| Disease type or experimental model | Role of infection in onset of the disease and associated pathogens | Role of microbiota in onset of the disease and associated commensal species | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|
| GBS (peripheral nervous system) | Induction of autoimmunity (EBV, CMV, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Campylobacter jejuni) | Not reported | [38, 40] |
| Myocarditis | Induction of autoimmunity (B3 coxsackievirus and group A streptococci) | Not reported | [54] |
| MS, enchephalomyelitis and EAE (MOG + CFA, RR mice) (central nervous system) | Induction of autoimmunity (EBV, measles virus, HHV-6) | Induction of autoimmunity (SFB, MOG + CFA), Germ-free housing (MOG + CFA, RR mice) and antibiotic treatment (RR mice) are protective | [30, 35, 56, 81, 82] |
| Lyme arthritis | Induction of autoimmunity (Borrelia burgdorferi) | Not reported | [42, 43] |
| Rheumatic fever | Induction of autoimmunity (β-hemolytic Streptococci) | Not reported | [31, 44] |
| Clinical and experimental rheumatoid arthritis (Il1rn−/−, K/BxN) | Induction of autoimmunity (Enteropathogenic bacteria, EBV, CMV and parvovirus in humans) | Induction of autoimmunity (Lactobacillus bifidus, Il1rn−/−), SFB (K/BxN) Germ-free housing is protective (Il1rn−/−, K/BxN) |
[59–62, 72–75] |
| Autoimmune gastritis | Induction of autoimmunity (Helicobacter pylori) Aicda−/− mice | No change in autoimmunity in germ-free conditions | [45, 46, 71] |
| Crohn’s disease, DSS in ATG16L1HM mice, Samp-I/Yit mice | Induction of Crohn’s like symptoms in ATG16L1HM mice after DSS treatment (murine norovirus) | Humans: Altered composition and activity of microbiota and response against commensal-derived antigens (invasive escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescence) Mice: Germ-free housing (Samp-I/Yit) and antibiotic treatment (ATG16L1HM mice) are protective |
[57, 63, 64, 66] |
| Ulcerative colitis, genetic models. Not reported of colitis (C3H/HeJBir, Il10−/−, Tg(ε26), Il2−/−) and DSS treatment | Not reported | Humans: Composition and activity microbiota of and response against commensal-derived antigens Mice: Induction of colitis (Bacteroidetes (Prevotellaceae) and TM7) Protection of colitis (ASF, Clostridium, Lactobacillus, Bacteroides fragilis) Germ-free housing (Il10−/−, Tg(ε26), Il2−/−) is protective |
[63, 65, 66–69] |
| Type I diabetes, NOD mice | Induction of autoimmunity (Coxsackie virus B4 in humans) | Commensal Bacteroidetes are protective SPF housing is protective correlating with presence of commensal SFB |
[48–50, 76–78, 80] |