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Risk Factors for GERD and Complications
| Risk Factor | Symptoms | Esophagitis | Stricture | Esophageal Adenocarcinoma |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | +/− | + | + | ++ |
| Male Sex | +/− | + | +/− | ++ |
| White Race | +/− | + | + | ++ |
| Obesity | + | + | ++ | |
| H pylori | +/− | – | – | |
| Tobacco | + | + | + | ++ |
: positive association
: strongly positive association
: negative association
: strongly negative association
: no association or heterogeneous findings for association
