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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2018 Mar 11;70(5):713–723. doi: 10.1002/acr.23331

Table 4.

Predictors for both type of osteoporosis treatment and screening in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis

OPTS, HR (95% CI) OPTS-ACR, HR (95% CI)

Variables RA patients OA patients RA patients OA patients

Age groups

<40 years (referent) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

40–50 years 1.70 (1.38–2.10) 1.99 (0.68–5.82) 2.07 (1.65–2.59) 1.68 (0.49–5.74)

51–64 years 2.25 (1.80–2. 81) 2.19 (0.74–6.51) 2.98 (2.35–3.77) 3.23 (0.94–11.05)

≥65 years 2.77 (2.17–3.55) 2.22 (0.73–6.73) 3.82 (2.96–4.95) 3.54 (1.02–12.28)

Gender

  Women
Premenopausal (referent) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Postmenopausal 1.64 (1.39–1.94) 2.51 (1.41–4.48) 1.57 (1.33–1.84) 1.67 (0.93–3.02)

  Men 0.56 (0.46–0.67) 0.58 (0.31–1.08) 0.51 (0.42–0.61) 0.41 (0.21–0.77)

Education level 1.03 (1.01–1.05) 1.05 (1.01–1.09) 1.03 (1.01–1.04) 1.03 (0.99–1.06)

No insurance 0.66 (0.51–0.87) 0.97 (0.54–1.74) 0.57 (0.44–0.75) 0.32 (0.14–0.72)

Residency in a rural area 0.88 (0.81–0.95) 0.90 (0.74–1.09) 0.90 (0.83–0.97) 0.91 (0.77–1.08)

Disease duration 1.00 (0.99–1.00) 1.00 (0.99–1.01) 1.00 (0.99–1.00) 1.00 (0.99–1.00)

Vaccination for influenza 1.13 (1.05–1.23) 1.23 (1.03–1.45) 1.13 (1.05–1.21) 1.12 (0.97–1.30)

Rheumatic Disease Comorbidity Index 1.05 (0.99–1.10) 1.01 (0.92–1. 11) 1.02 (0.97–1.06) 1.03 (0.95–1.12)

BMI in categories

<18.5 kg/m2 1.01 (0.76–1.34) 0.83 (0.26–2.64) 1.12 (0.88–1.42) 0.24 (0.03–1.75)

18.5–24.9 kg/m2 (referent) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

25.0–29.9 kg/m2 0.85 (0.78–0.94) 0.78 (0.63–0.96) 0.88 (0.81–0.96) 0.83 (0.69–1.00)

30.0–39.9 kg/m2 0.76 (0.69–0.85) 0.62 (0.50–0.78) 0.84 (0.76–0.92) 0.68 (0.55–0.82)

≥40 kg/m2 0.52 (0.44–0.63) 0.50 (0.36–0.70) 0.57 (0.49–0.67) 0.53 (0.39–0.72)

HAQ 1.06 (0.99–1.12) 0.91 (0.81–1.03) 1.02 (0.97–1.07) 0.94 (0.85–1.05)

Glucocorticoid use

Not-using (referent) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

<3 months 1.34 (1.12–1.60) 0.99 (0.56–1.76) 1.34 (1.13–1.57) 1.14 (0.72–1.33)

3–12 months 1.36 (1.18–1.57) 1.67 (0.96–2.89) 1.41 (1.24–1.61) 1.24 (0.72–2.13)

>12 months 1.66 (1.49–1.83) 1.84 (1.05–3.22) 1.63 (1.49–1.78) 1.75 (1.09–2.82)

Use of DMARDs

MTX monotherapy (referent) 1.0 - 1.0 -

Any TNFi 1.22 (1.09–1.37) - 1.79 (1.07–1.30) -

Non-TNFi bDMARDs 1.38 (1.12–1.69) - 1.30 (1.07–1.57) -

Any others 1.15 (1.03–1.28) - 1.08 (0.98–1.19) -

Prior fragility fracture 1.17 (1.05–1.31) 1.31 (1.03–1.66) 1.20 (1.09–1.33) 1.35 (1.10–1.65)

Prior diagnosis of OP 1.52 (1.31–1.76) 1.52 (1.13–2.05) 1.49 (1.30–1. 71) 1.50 (1.14–1.96)

10-year major osteoporotic fracture risk categories by FRAX

Low (referent) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

Medium 0.98 (0.88–1.10) 0.98 (0.78–1.23) 1.01 (0.92–1.12) 0.98 (0.80–1.21)

High 0.86 (0.74–1.01) 0.82 (0.59–1.13) 0.87 (0.76–1.01) 0.84 (0.62–1.12)

OPTS=Osteoporosis treatment and screening; OPTS-ACR=ACR-recommended OP treatment and screening; ACR= American College of Rheumatology; HR=Hazard ratio; RA= Rheumatoid arthritis; OA= Osteoarthritis; BMI= Body mass index; HAQ= Health assessment questionnaire; DMARD= Disease modifying antirheumatic drug; MTX=Methotrexate; TNFi= Tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitor; bDMARDs= Biologic disease modifying antirheumatic drugs; OP= Osteoporosis; FRAX= Fracture risk assessment tool.