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. 2018 Jan 30;8:15. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00015

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Copyright © 2018 Hatayama, Shimohata, Amano, Kido, Nguyen, Sato, Kanda, Tentaku, Fukushima, Nakahashi, Uebanso, Mawatari and Takahashi.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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C. jejuni invasion is increased by active inflammation in polarized epithelial cells. (A–C) Caco-2 cells were treated with 20 ng/ml TNF-α for 48 h. Following TNF-α treatment, TER values (A) and ZO-1 localization (B,C) were evaluated. Scale bar = 10 μm. (D) Caco-2 cells were treated with 20 ng/ml TNF-α followed by treatment with 10 mM MβCD for 1 h and were infected with C. jejuni for 6 h. The number of intracellular bacteria was measured by gentamycin protection assay. Results are shown as the mean ± SD n = 4. Significant difference from the control or EGTA treated group are shown: N.S.; not significant; ^**P < 0.01.