Table 2.

Advances in genomic research on common cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) according to the translation research framework.

	T1 phase: discovery to candidate health application	T2 phase: health application to evidence-based practice guidelines	T3 phase: guidelines to health practice	T4 phase: practice to population health impact
Genome-based prediction of common CVDs	–Single-gene associations –Genome-wide associations –Prediction models using genetic and non-genetic factors	–Clinical validity, utility investigation to assess risk in the general population	None	None
Genetic testing to improve diagnostic accuracy	–Diagnostic models using genetic and non-genetic factors	None	None	None
Genetic testing to improve prognostic accuracy	None	None	None	None
Genome-based prediction of treatment response	–Genetic profiles –Interaction between genetic factors and response to treatment	–Clinical validity, utility investigation to predict response in high-risk group	None	–Decision-analytic model estimating cost-effectiveness (only simulation study)